On the Xiao conjecture for plane curves

Let f:S⟶B\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$f: S\longrightarrow B$$\end{document} be a non-trivial fibration from a complex projective smooth surface S to a smooth curve B of genus b. Let cf\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$c_f$$\end{document} the Clifford index of the general fibre F of f. In Barja et al. (Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 2016) it is proved that the relative irregularity of f, qf=h1,0(S)-b\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$q_f=h^{1,0}(S)-b$$\end{document} is less or equal than or equal to g(F)-cf\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$g(F)-c_f$$\end{document}. In particular this proves the (modified) Xiao’s conjecture: qf≤g(F)2+1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$q_f\le \frac{g(F)}{2} +1$$\end{document} for fibrations of general Clifford index. In this short note we assume that the general fiber of f is a plane curve of degree d≥5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$d\ge 5$$\end{document} and we prove that qf≤g(F)-cf-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$q_f\le g(F)-c_f-1$$\end{document}. In particular we obtain the conjecture for families of quintic plane curves. This theorem is implied for the following result on infinitesimal deformations: let F a smooth plane curve of degree d≥5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$d\ge 5$$\end{document} and let ξ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\xi $$\end{document} be an infinitesimal deformation of F preserving the planarity of the curve. Then the rank of the cup-product map H0(F,ωF)⟶·ξH1(F,OF)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$H^0(F,\omega _F) {\overset{ \cdot \xi }{\longrightarrow }} H^1(F,O_F)$$\end{document} is at least d-3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$d-3$$\end{document}. We also show that this bound is sharp.

We also show that this bound is sharp.

Introduction
Let f : S −→ B be a non-isotrivial fibration from a complex projective smooth surface S to a smooth curve B of genus b. A natural question is trying to understand the relation between the invariants of the surface, the base curve B and of the general fibre F. Non-isotrivial means that the smooth fibres are not isomorphic to each other, in other words: the natural modular map B 0 −→ M g in the moduli space of curves of genus g = g(F) is not constant, where B 0 is the open set of B with smooth fibres. The invariants we consider are the relative irregularity 0 ≤ q f := h 1,0 (S) − g(B) and the genus g of the general fibre. Xiao proved in [8] that for non-isotrivial fibrations the inequality q f ≤ 5g + 1 6 holds, and he formulated in [9] the conjecture After some counterexamples found by Pirola in [6] (see also [1]) the conjecture is nowadays reformulated as follows Modified Xiao's conjecture: For non-isotrivial fibrations it holds that Observe that it is equivalent to the initial conjecture for g odd. There are some evidences for this conjecture: Xiao proved that it holds if b = 0 and it is known to be true when F is hyperelliptic (see [3]). Moreover in [2] a upper bound of q f is found in terms of the Clifford index c f of the general fibre. Remember that the Clifford index of the curve F is defined as: Clifford's Theorem states that Cliff(F) ≥ 0 and it is 0 if and only if F is hyperelliptic. It is known that Cliff(F) = 1 if and only if either F is trigonal or isomorphic to a smooth quintic plane curve. A smooth plane curve of degree d has Clifford index d − 4 and a general curve in M g has Clifford index g−1 2 . The main theorem in [2] says that for a non-isotrivial fibration it holds In particular the conjecture is true when the general fiber has general Clifford index. Combining the results given above one easily checks that the conjecture is true for g ≤ 4 and that the first open case corresponds to g ≥ 5 and c f = 1. In this paper we take care of the quintic plane curve case. More generally we consider families of smooth plane curves of degree d ≥ 5. Our main theorem is the following: Theorem 1.1 Let f : S −→ B be a fibration such that the general fibre is a plane curve of degree d ≥ 5. Then In the case d = 5, hence g = 6, we obtain q f ≤ 4 which is the predicted bound. Hence we obtain: The modified Xiao's conjecture holds for fibrations with general fibre a quintic plane curve.
The idea of the proof of (1.1) is as follows: let us fix a general point of B and let F the fibre at this point, then f induces an infinitesimal deformation ξ ∈ H 1 (F, T F ). The kernel W ξ of the cup-product map [2,Section 2] for the details). Therefore q f ≤ dim W ξ = g − rank(·ξ). Thus it is enough to find a lower bound of the rank of the map given by the cup-product with ξ . Then the next Theorem immediately implies Theorem (1.1):

and this bound is realized for the Fermat curve.
The rest of the paper is devoted to the proof of Theorem (1.3). In the next section we recall how to use the Jacobian ring of a plane curve in order to understand the cohomology of the curve F and the cup-product maps. We also state two theorems of Green on multiplication and restriction maps of polynomials. In section 3 we use these facts combined with the classical Macaulay's Theorem to prove Theorem (1.3).

Preliminaries
Let F be a smooth curve of genus g ≥ 3 and an let ξ ∈ H 1 (F, T F ) be a non-trivial infinitesimal deformation of F. To simplify notations we call rank of ξ to the rank of the cup-product map considered in the Introduction. We keep the notation W ξ for the kernel of this map. Let F be a smooth plane curve defined as the zero locus of the homogeneous polynomial f ∈ C[x, y, z] = S of degree d. Its Jacobian ring R is the graded ring Here J n is the degree n part of the Jacobian ideal J = ( f x , f y , f z ). As F is smooth, { f x , f y , f z } is a regular sequence and this implies that R satisfies the following properties: . Then R N has dimension 1 and, for every k such that 0 ≤ k ≤ N we have that the multiplication map In addition to these, Griffiths proved that one can read canonically several pieces of the Hodge structure of F in R. More precisely Theorem 2.2 Let R be the Jacobian ring of a smooth plane curve of degree d. Then We refer to [7] for a proof of these facts. Next we quote two theorems of Green concerning properties of S = C[x, y, z]. We stress that they are valid in any dimension although we state (and use) them only in dimension n = 2. The first theorem can be found in [ In order to state the second theorem of Green we need some notation. Given a positive integer a, for any c ≥ 0 there is a unique expression (k a , k a−1 , . . . , k δ ) are uniquely identified by this definition and are called Macaulay's Coefficients of c with respect to a. If (k a , k a−1 , . . . , k δ ) are the Macaulay coefficients with respect to a, we denote by c a the number where m n = 0 if m < n. Keeping this terminology we can state the following theorem: satisfies c H ≤ c a .

Corollary 2.5 Under the assumption of Theorem 2.4, if c < a then c H = 0, i.e. the restriction map W → H 0 (H, O H (a)) is surjective.
Proof If c ≤ a we can write c = a − r for some r such that 0 ≤ r ≤ a. As we have that (a, a − 1, . . . , r + 1) are the Macaulay's coefficients of c with respect to a. Therefore By definition of c H we have that the restriction is surjective as claimed.

Proof of the Theorem (1.3)
The Theorem (1.3) in the introduction asserts that given a smooth curve F of degree d, the rank of a non trivial infinitesimal deformation of F which preserves the planarity of F is bounded below by d − 3. By using the identifications provided by Griffiths' results in (2.2) this translates into the following statement:

Theorem 3.1 Let F be a smooth plane curve of degree d ≥ 5 and let R be its Jacobian ring.
Let ξ ∈ R d \{0}, then the rank of the map Proof Denote by W = W ξ ⊂ S d−3 the kernel of the multiplication map Note that the codimension of W in S d−3 is equal to the rank of ξ . The proof is divided in two cases depending of the existence or not of a fixed loci.

Case 1: |W | is base-point-free
We are going to see that rk ( is surjective and the same holds for the map obtained by passing to the quotient, i.e. to the Jacobian ring: But this is impossible since by the definition of W , the image of μ d−3 is killed by ξ = 0, hence the pairing is degenerated contradicting Macaulay's Theorem. Hence we have necessarily rk(ξ ) ≥ d − 2 as claimed.

Case 2: |W | is not base-point-free
First we observe that we can assume that there are no base components. Indeed, assume that there exists a curve C of degree 0 < d < d − 3 in the fixed part of |W |. Then we have that as wanted.
Hence now on we assume that |W | has only isolated base points. We proceed by contradiction, so assume that rk(ξ ) ≤ d − 4 holds. Let Z be the base locus of |W | and denote by I Z the ideal sheaf of Z as subscheme of P 2 .
Then the evaluation induces a surjection Denoting by M W its kernel we have the short exact sequence Let s be a general element in S 1 = H 0 (P 2 , O P 2 (1)). As the base points are isolated, we can assume that the line L = {s = 0} is disjoint with Z . By considering the multiplication by s, the short exact sequence (1) induces the following commutative diagram with exact rows and columns The sheaf M L in the third row is by the definiton the kernel of ev L . Notice that the rightmost sheaf of the last row is O L (d − 2) because we are assuming that L is disjoint from Z .
Since H 1 (L , M L ) = 0 both α and α • res 1 are surjective. Therefore res 2 is also surjective. This implies the isomorphism Now consider the diagram: Implementing the isomorphism above we obtain the claim.
Combining the inequality (3) with the claim we have: Observe that |W 1 | has, by construction, the same base locus of |W | and, as we have just proven, cod(W 1 ) ≤ d − 4. Hence, we can apply the same argument using W 1 instead of W starting with the surjection By doing this we obtain W 2 ⊂ S d−1 which satisfy To finish the proof we consider the subspacẽ Observe that inW there is a section which doesn't vanish on at least one point (we are assuming that Z is not empty) of the base locus, as the partial derivatives cannot all vanish in a point. Hence the dimension ofW has increased at least by 1 and MoreoverW is base point free by construction so we can apply Green's Theorem (2.3) again with m = d − 5 and we obtain that the multiplication map is surjective. Passing to the quotient by the Jacobian ideal we have a surjective map This implies by the definition of W 2 (image of W 1 ⊗ S 1 ) and W 1 (image of W ⊗ S 1 ) that all the elements in R 2d−6 are orthogonal to ξ which contradicts Macaulay's Theorem. This finishes the prove of the bound.
Finally we see that the bound is sharp. Fix d ≥ 4 and let F be the Fermat curve of degree d in P 2 , i.e. the zero locus of the polynomial f = x d + y d + z d . In this case, the Jacobian ideal is simply and one can easily prove that R N = (x yz) d−2 . Consider the element [x d−2 y 2 ] ∈ R d and denote it by ξ . Observe, moreover, that this is not zero as x d−2 y 2 / ∈ J . If m = x a y b z c with a + b + c = d − 3, we have m · ξ = 0 if and only if a = 0 and 0 ≤ b ≤ d − 4. Hence the image of the multiplication by ξ is generated by the d − 3 elements of As they are independent we have rk(ξ ) = d − 3. Notice that W is generated by monomials and x d−3 , y d−3 ∈ W but z d−3 / ∈ W , hence the base locus of |W | is P 2 = (0 : 0 : 1).

Remark 3.2
In Theorem 3.1 we have proven that the bound rk(·ξ) ≥ d − 3 is sharp by showing that for the Fermat curve of degree d there exists an element in R d whose rank is exactly d − 3. There are other curves that have this property. For example, denote by f λ ∈ S 5 the polynomial x 5 + y 5 + z 5 + 5λx 3 y 2 with λ ∈ C and consider the quintic F λ = { f λ = 0}. Notice that F 0 is the Fermat quintic so the general quintic of this type is indeed smooth. Moreover, as x 3 y 2 is not zero in the Jacobian ideal of the Fermat quintic, we know that F λ is not biholomorphic to F 0 for λ general. If we denote by R λ the Jacobian ideal of F λ it is easy to see that ξ λ = [x 3 y 2 ] is not zero in R λ . Now we want to prove that rk(ξ λ ) = 2 for all λ ∈ C.
As we have already seen, ξ λ is non trivial so, by Theorem 1.3 we know that rk(ξ λ ) ≥ 2. In order to see that the equality holds it is enough to prove that dim W ξ λ ≥ 4 (as dim R 2 λ = 6). With a little bit of effort one can show that x 2 , x y, y 2 , xz + 18λ 3 yz ∈ W ξ λ thus proving the claim.