Control penal de la corrupción: Falacia y utopía de la política criminal

Abstract

[spa] El presente trabajo tiene por objeto alcanzar un modo de comprender la ineficacia del Derecho penal frente a la corrupción pública con fines de orden patrimonial. La comprensión gnoseológica de tal problemática es, fundamentalmente, de naturaleza criminológica. Y se dice «un modo» de comprensión, puesto que el paradigma epistemológico, la perspectiva teórica y la postura metodológica que se adopta para lograr tal cometido, permiten establecer tan sólo un «enunciado de posibilidad» sobre la definición del problema referenciado. El enfoque analítico, por tanto, se define por la formulación de una base gnoseológica que permite representar parte de las razones de tal ineficacia. Para ello se asume una perspectiva analítica desde la que concibe el comportamiento delictivo no tanto en su configuración externa y material (objetiva), sino en su dimensión interna y significativa (subjetiva). Planteado así el problema de estudio y el enfoque analítico, la cuestión central a resolver se define por el conjunto de factores que facilitan la impunidad del fenómeno criminal analizado. El fin último de la identificación de las circunstancias generadoras de impunidad se concreta de este modo en la promoción político-criminal de una línea alternativa de prevención que, acorde con la mirada subjetiva del fenómeno estudiado, no se identifica llanamente con las estrategias de intervención situacional del delito, sino con la redefinición de la posición social e institucional frente al interés jurídico tutelado por el Derecho penal. Para alcanzar semejantes propósitos, como se proyecta en la amplia Introducción General que se plantea, se propone una ruta de análisis que bascula entre el acercamiento interdisciplinar a los factores que generan la impunidad del fenómeno criminal y la proposición continua de una serie de alternativas de intervención que van desde la profusión moral que se halla tras el interés superior protegido por la norma jurídico-penal, hasta la estructura misma de las figuras dogmáticas que dificultan su función preventivo-general. Para ese recorrido se establece una categoría central vinculada, precisamente, a esa aspiración de prevención: la función intimidatoria del Derecho penal. Alrededor de esta categoría se desarrolla el problema de análisis. El objetivo general bajo el que se vehicula tal estudio, concretamente, se dirige a establecer por qué la pena no disuade. Y aquí es donde adquiere su mayor importancia la mirada subjetiva adoptada. Para responder a semejante cuestión se propone, con la idea de comprender cuál es el origen y la naturaleza de las justificaciones a las que apela el delincuente corrupto para «desviarse» del curso «correcto» ordenado por el Derecho, un adentramiento al mundo de significados del propio infractor. Y al tratarse de un intento de comprensión comportamental desde la propia mirada del actor criminal –histórica y contextualmente situado-, ineludiblemente se parte de un conjunto de planteamientos de naturaleza psicológica y sociológica que, reunidos, permiten formar una propuesta criminológica desde la que no sólo se alcanza un modo de comprensión del fenómeno objeto de punición, sino que también permite proponer una redefinición de la manera tradicional de abordar el estudio del delito y la promoción de políticas de prevención.

[eng] This paper aims at reaching a way of understanding the ineffectiveness of the criminal law against the public corruption regarding the purpose of financial gain. The gnoseological understanding of this problem is fundamentally of a criminological nature. And it is said «a way» of understanding, given that the epistemological paradigm, the theoretical perspective and the adopted methodology used to achieve such a purpose, allow to establish just a «statement of possibility» regarding the definition of the highlighted issue. The analytical approach, therefore, is defined by the formulation of a gnoseological framework that allows to represent part of the reasons for such ineffectiveness. In order to do so, an analytical perspective is adopted from which the criminal behavior is conceived not so much from its external and material configuration (objective), but from its internal and significant dimension (subjective). Raised are the statement's problem and the analytical approach, the central issue to resolve is defined by a set of factors that facilitate the impunity of the analyzed criminal phenomenon. The ultimate purpose of the identification of the circumstances generating impunity is materialized from the political- criminal promotion of an alternative line of prevention that, in accordance with the subjective analysis of the studied phenomenon, is not quite simply identified with the crime's situational intervention strategies, but with the redefinition of the social and institutional position in front of the legal interest protected by the Criminal Law. To achieve similar purposes, as projected in the broad General Introduction which proposes a path analysis scale that moves between the interdisciplinary approach to the factors that cause the impunity of the criminal phenomenon and the continuing proposition of a series of intervention alternatives ranging from the abundance of moral principles found behind the superior interests protected by the criminal-legal legislation up to the structure of the dogmatic figures that hinder its general-preventive function. To carry out this analysis, it is established that a central category linked precisely to the aspiration of prevention: the intimidatory role of Criminal Law. Around this category the problem of analysis is developed. The overall objective under which such a study is conveyed, specifically is aimed to establish why the punishment does not dissuade the offenders. And here is where the adopted subjective approach acquires its greatest importance. To respond to such an issue, it is proposed along with the idea of understanding the origin and nature of the justifications that the corrupt offender appeals to in order «deviate» from the «correct» course ordered by the Law, a deeper analysis into the world of meanings from the very own offender. And being an attempt of understanding the behavior from the very own offender's view –historical and contextually located-, undoubtedly it begins from a set of approaches of psychological and sociological nature that together, enable to formulate a criminological proposal which not only achieves a way of understanding the phenomenon subject to punishment, but it also proposes a redefinition of the traditional way of dealing with the study of the crime as well as promoting preventive policies.

[cat] This paper aims at reaching a way of understanding the ineffectiveness of the criminal law against the public corruption regarding the purpose of financial gain. The gnoseological understanding of this problem is fundamentally of a criminological nature. And it is said «a way» of understanding, given that the epistemological paradigm, the theoretical perspective and the adopted methodology used to achieve such a purpose, allow to establish just a «statement of possibility» regarding the definition of the highlighted issue. The analytical approach, therefore, is defined by the formulation of a gnoseological framework that allows to represent part of the reasons for such ineffectiveness. In order to do so, an analytical perspective is adopted from which the criminal behavior is conceived not so much from its external and material configuration (objective), but from its internal and significant dimension (subjective). Raised are the statement's problem and the analytical approach, the central issue to resolve is defined by a set of factors that facilitate the impunity of the analyzed criminal phenomenon. The ultimate purpose of the identification of the circumstances generating impunity is materialized from the political- criminal promotion of an alternative line of prevention that, in accordance with the subjective analysis of the studied phenomenon, is not quite simply identified with the crime's situational intervention strategies, but with the redefinition of the social and institutional position in front of the legal interest protected by the Criminal Law. To achieve similar purposes, as projected in the broad General Introduction which proposes a path analysis scale that moves between the interdisciplinary approach to the factors that cause the impunity of the criminal phenomenon and the continuing proposition of a series of intervention alternatives ranging from the abundance of moral principles found behind the superior interests protected by the criminal-legal legislation up to the structure of the dogmatic figures that hinder its general-preventive function. To carry out this analysis, it is established that a central category linked precisely to the aspiration of prevention: the intimidatory role of Criminal Law. Around this category the problem of analysis is developed. The overall objective under which such a study is conveyed, specifically is aimed to establish why the punishment does not dissuade the offenders. And here is where the adopted subjective approach acquires its greatest importance. To respond to such an issue, it is proposed along with the idea of understanding the origin and nature of the justifications that the corrupt offender appeals to in order «deviate» from the «correct» course ordered by the Law, a deeper analysis into the world of meanings from the very own offender. And being an attempt of understanding the behavior from the very own offender's view –historical and contextually located-, undoubtedly it begins from a set of approaches of psychological and sociological nature that together, enable to formulate a criminological proposal which not only achieves a way of understanding the phenomenon subject to punishment, but it also proposes a redefinition of the traditional way of dealing with the study of the crime as well as promoting preventive policies.