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Title: | Microglial Adenosine Receptors: From Preconditioning to Modulating the M1/M2 Balance in Activated Cells |
Author: | Franco Fernández, Rafael Lillo, Alejandro Rivas-Santisteban, Rafael Reyes Resina, Irene Navarro Brugal, Gemma |
Keywords: | Malaltia de Parkinson Malaltia d'Alzheimer Malalties neurodegeneratives Parkinson's disease Alzheimer's disease Neurodegenerative Diseases |
Issue Date: | 1-May-2021 |
Publisher: | MDPI |
Abstract: | Neuronal survival depends on the glia, that is, on the astroglial and microglial support. Neurons die and microglia are activated not only in neurodegenerative diseases but also in physiological aging. Activated microglia, once considered harmful, express two main phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory or M1, and the neuroprotective or M2. When neuroinflammation, i.e., microglial activation occurs, it is important to achieve a good M1/M2 balance, i.e., at some point M1 microglia must be skewed into M2 cells to impede chronic inflammation and to afford neuronal survival. G protein-coupled receptors in general and adenosine receptors in particular are potential targets for increasing the number of M2 cells. This article describes the mechanisms underlying microglial activation and analyzes whether these cells exposed to a first damaging event may be ready to be preconditioned to better react to exposure to more damaging events. Adenosine receptors are relevant due to their participation in preconditioning. They can also be overexpressed in activated microglial cells. The potential of adenosine receptors and complexes formed by adenosine receptors and cannabinoids as therapeutic targets to provide microglia-mediated neuroprotection is here discussed. Keywords: neurodegeneration; aging; Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease; neuroprotection; neuronal survival; cannabinoids; receptor heteromers |
Note: | Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051124 |
It is part of: | Cells, 2021, vol. 10, num. 5, p. 1-18 |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/2445/184526 |
Related resource: | https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10051124 |
ISSN: | 2073-4409 |
Appears in Collections: | Articles publicats en revistes (Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular) Articles publicats en revistes (Bioquímica i Fisiologia) |
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