Correlation Analysis between Dietary Intake of Tyrosols and Their Food Sources and Urinary Excretion of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol in a European Population

Abstract

This study analyzed the correlations between the acute and habitual intake of dietary tyrosols, their main food sources, and 24 h urine excretions of tyrosol (Tyr) and hydroxytyrosol (OHTyr) in participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study (EPIC). Participants (n = 419) were healthy men and women aged from 34 to 73 years from 8 EPIC centers belonging to France, Italy, and Germany. Acute and habitual dietary data were collected using a standardized 24 h dietary recall software and validated country-specific dietary questionnaires, respectively. The intake of 13 dietary tyrosols was estimated using the Phenol-Explorer database. Excretions of Tyr and OHTyr in a single 24 h urine sample were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry. Urinary excretions of Tyr, OHTyr, and their sum (Tyr + OHTyr) correlated more strongly with their corresponding acute (rho(partial)similar to 0.63) rather than habitual intakes (rho(partial)similar to 0.47). In addition, individual and combined urinary excretions of Tyr and OHTyr were weakly to moderately correlated with the acute and habitual intake of other individual tyrosol precursors (rho(partial) = 0.10-0.44) and especially with major food sources, such as wine (rho(partial) = 0.41-0.58), olive oil (rho(partial) = 0.25-0.44), and beer (rho(partial) = 0.14-0.23). Urinary Tyr + OHTyr excretions were similarly correlated with the acute intake of total tyrosols but differently correlated with food sources among countries. Based on these results, we conclude that 24 h urinary excretions of Tyr + OHTyr could be proposed as biomarkers of total tyrosol intake, preferably for acute intakes.