Màster Oficial - Energies Renovables i Sostenibilitat Energètica

URI permanent per a aquesta col·leccióhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/56089

Treballs Finals del Màster d’Energies Renovables i Sostenibilitat Energètica de la Facultat de Física de la Universitat de Barcelona.

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Evaluación del impacto de fenómenos climáticos extremos en los precios de mercado eléctrico guatemalteco
(2025-09) Siguil Palacios, Irina Michelle; Sola Salvatierra, Yolanda; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian
This study analyzes the impact of extreme climatic events, specifically the most intense episodes of El Niño and La Niña, the two opposing phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern, on the behavior of the Guatemalan electricity market. Due to its high reliance on hydropower resources and its geographic location, Guatemala is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, a reality reflected in the sensitivity of its power system to extreme weather events. Through a quantitative and seasonal approach, this work evaluates the relationship between the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and key climate variables (precipitation and temperature) in strategic hydroelectric generation zones, as well as their impact on electricity generation, the opportunity price of energy (POE), and the share of thermal technologies. The results show that during El Niño events (warm phase), reduced rainfall during the rainy season leads to a significant drop in hydroelectric generation. This reduction is offset by increased thermal generation, especially from bunker fuel and coal, which drives market prices upward. In contrast, during La Niña events (cold phase), an increase in hydroelectric output was observed, allowing for reduced dependence on fossil fuels and greater price stability. This dynamic reveals an inverse relationship between water availability and the POE, particularly during peak demand hoursThe study also found that the POE is sensitive to variables such as international bunker prices, national electricity demand, and total thermal generation, highlighting the system’s exposure to external factors. Despite Guatemala’s high renewable energy potential, the limited diversification of its energy mix and the dependency on imported fossil fuels exacerbate the structural vulnerability of the electricity sector. In this context, the study concludes that promoting an energy transition aimed at strengthening system resilience is essential, through the integration of non-conventional renewable sources, energy storage technologies, and sustainable energy planing
Estudio de viabilidad para una planta de biogás en la industria agroalimentaria: El caso de La Fageda
(2025-08) Serra Calderón, Guillermo José; Chimenos Ribera, Josep Ma.
This study evaluates the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of implementing a biogas plant within the agro-industrial operations of La Fageda (Girona), a social enterprise that integrates livestock farming, food production, and social care activities. The project is framed within the broader context of energy transition, circular economy, and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with conventional organic waste management. Based on a detailed characterization of the available organic waste streams—including cattle manure, whey, fruit residues, and wastewater sludge—a mesophilic continuous stirred-tank digester (CSTR) is proposed, with a treatment capacity of up to 15 tonnes of organic matter per day. The system is expected to produce approximately 363 m³/day of biogas, potentially covering 30–35 % of the facility’s thermal energy demand and partially replacing the current use of propane gas. From an environmental perspective, the system could reduce annual emissions by over 1,668 tonnes of CO₂ equivalent, primarily through methane recovery and fossil fuel substitution. The resulting digestate, with significant agronomic value, would improve soil fertility and close the nutrient loop. The project would also enhance the overall efficiency of the company’s waste management system and ease the load on its wastewater treatment plant. Economically, the project is promising: with a net investment estimated at €485,000, the biogas system could generate annual operational savings of more than €89,000, yielding a payback period of around five years—especially if public funding is secured. The analysis concludes that the project is technically viable, environmentally beneficial, and economically profitable, and could serve as a replicable model for other medium-sized agro-industrial enterprises with circular and social missions
Aplicació de node IoT pel control de qualitat de l’aigua
(2025-09) Mir Gómez, David; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian
This project focuses on the design and development of a water quality monitoring system for the detection of Bisphenol A (BPA), a harmful endocrine-disrupting compound found in many consumer products. The work builds on an initial prototype developed by the Jozef Stefan Institute for Bisphenol S detection and adapts it to BPA, integrating it into an IoT-based monitoring platform. A series of electrochemical tests, including cyclic voltammetry, are conducted to characterize the redox behavior of BPA and determine the optimal detection voltage. Based on these findings, a custom printed circuit board (PCB) is designed and simulated using LTspice and KiCAD, with the goal of replicating potentiostat functionality in a compact and energy-efficient format. The system is designed to interface with a Worldsensing IoT node using LoRa wireless communication, allowing real-time data transmission over long distances. The final prototype is validated through laboratory experiments comparing the custom PCB's performance to a commercial potentiostat, confirming its reliability in BPA detection. This approach contributes to environmental monitoring innovation by enabling autonomous, remote sensing of water pollutants using low-power, scalable technology.
Anàlisi de l’impacte energètic i econòmic de les infraestructures de dessalinització a Catalunya: el cas de la ITAM Tordera II
(2025-11) Maschio Gastelaars, Dante; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian; Termes, Montserrat
This master's thesis analyses the energy and economic impact of seawater desalination infrastructures in Catalonia, focusing on the case of the Tordera II desalination plant (ITAM Tordera II). The research is framed within the Ter-Llobregat supply system (STL), which serves over 5 million inhabitants and is currently undergoing an ambitious expansion plan in response to the 2021–2024 drought. The study evaluates whether the planned increase in desalinated water production is coherent with hydrological planning procedures and environmental sustainability criteria established by the EU Water Framework Directive. Methodologically, the work combines regulatory analysis, hydrological and energy data review, and a quantitative estimation of the energy savings potential of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for the ITAM Tordera II. It also includes a projection of the water tariff increase based on OPEX and CAPEX scenarios. The findings confirm that desalination is the most energy-intensive and costly drinking water supply technology in the region. Moreover, the integration of PV systems would only marginally offset the plant's electricity demand. The study concludes that while desalination may improve supply reliability, it entails significant economic and environmental trade-offs that must be carefully assessed within the framework of sustainable water management and climate adaptation strategies.
Evaluación de la viabilidad para la integración de energía fotovoltaica en las estaciones Bicing de Barcelona
(2025-09) Ahumada Carrazana, Fabián; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian
This study analyses the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility of integrating photovoltaic systems into Barcelona's Bicing stations, with the aim of reducing dependence on the conventional power grid and improving local sustainability. The proposal focuses on harnessing solar energy on-site to support the partial charging of electric bicycles, without compromising the daily operational flow of the system. To achieve this, an Annual Shading Index (ISA) has been developed to classify the 528 existing stations into four representative urban scenarios: open spaces, parks with trees, avenues with tall buildings, and narrow streets with dense vegetation. Based on this classification, twelve pilot stations were selected as a representative sample of each scenario. The analysis combines 3D simulations using HelioScope, spatial evaluation with QGIS and GRASS GIS, and validation through PVGIS and Google Street View, ensuring a realistic and detailed approach. The results show that stations located in open or semi-open areas (scenarios S0 and S1) are technically and economically viable, achieving photovoltaic coverage rates above 75% and reasonable payback periods. In contrast, stations with more than 30% shading (S2 and S3) present serious viability limitations. The sensitivity analysis and the calculation of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) were conducted exclusively on viable stations (S0 and S1), where the project proves to remain profitable even under adverse scenarios. This model has the potential to be scaled and replicated in other municipal infrastructures, making a tangible contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals and supporting the advancement towards cleaner and more efficient micromobility in the city
Redacción de un Plan de Acción por el Clima y la Energía Sostenible (PACES) para el municipio de la Figuera
(2024-09) Hernández Jal, Joel; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian; Fontaíña López, Manuel
Climate change is one of the main problems to be faced by humanity in the coming years. During the last decades, many policies have tried to mitigate the effects of climate change, but it has not been until recent years that the concept of adaptation to climate change has been considered. It is in this context that the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy was born, a voluntary participation movement of the European Union whose main objective is to align European climate objectives with the objectives of municipal governments across Europe. One of the requirements of the Covenant is the drafting of a Sustainable Climate and Energy Action Plan, which must be drawn up by those municipalities that want to be part of the Covenant. This document, in summary, consists of a detailed diagnosis of the energy and climate aspects of the municipality and several action strategies that aim to reduce the municipality's atmospheric emissions, increase resilience to the potential impacts of climate change and ensure energy supply and access for all inhabitants of the municipality. The energy analysis of the municipality has determined that, in 2021, a total of 171 MWh were consumed, equivalent to an emission of 43 tCO2eq into the atmosphere. One of the main objectives of the plan is to provide the municipality with a roadmap to achieve a 55% reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 2005 emissions. To this end, a mitigation strategy has been drawn up consisting of a total of 14 actions, with which, initially, a reduction of 16.12 tCO2eq would be achieved. The climate analysis conducted on the municipality has determined the high degree of climate vulnerability it suffers and will suffer. Specifically, it has been determined that the municipality is vulnerable to the following climate risks: loss of ecosystem services, increased risk of forest fires, loss of productivity in agriculture and livestock, water supply problems, soil erosion, and impacts on infrastructure. To increase the municipality's resilience, an adaptation strategy comprising 11 actions has been developed, addressing the main climate risks and the main potentially vulnerable sectors. Finally, an analysis of energy poverty in the municipality has been carried out, through the calculation of various indicators. It has been determined that the municipality is vulnerable to fuel poverty, and an action plan has been drawn up, consisting of 5 actions, which aims to minimize future cases of fuel poverty that may affect the population residing in the municipality.
Carbon footprints calculation in the IoT industry: Organization and Product
(2024-09) Zghouda, Oumaima; Hernández Ramírez, Francisco
En la actualidad, la sostenibilidad y la reducción de las emisiones de carbono son temas cruciales para las empresas a nivel global. La evaluación de la huella de carbono se ha vuelto indispensable para gestionar los impactos ambientales e identificar áreas de mejora. Esta tesis de máster evalúa la huella de carbono de Worldsensing y sus productos para el año 2023. El estudio incluye el cálculo de la huella de carbono de la organización para los Alcances 1, 2 y 3, que abarcan las emisiones directas, las emisiones indirectas de la energía comprada y otras emisiones indirectas, como los materiales de producción y los viajes de negocios. Además, se realiza una Evaluación del Ciclo de Vida (LCA) de un producto IoT, un registrador de datos inalámbrico, para examinar su impacto ambiental desde la extracción de materias primas hasta su disposición y reciclaje. Los resultados muestran que la huella de carbono total de Worldsensing para 2023 fue de 1.896 toneladas de CO2-eq, siendo las emisiones del Alcance 3, particularmente del transporte, los contribuyentes más significativos. La LCA de los dispositivos IoT (nodos y gateways) mostró una huella de carbono total de 450 toneladas de CO2-eq, con emisiones sustanciales de la extracción de materias primas y el transporte. Para mitigar los impactos ambientales, se recomienda reducir el número de envíos anuales, consolidar pedidos y utilizar transporte marítimo en lugar de aéreo siempre que sea posible. Además, se sugiere adoptar vehículos eléctricos o más eficientes y fomentar el uso del transporte público. Implementar estas estrategias es esencial para avanzar operaciones más sostenibles y contribuir significativamente a la reducción de la huella de carbono de Worldsensing. Adicionalmente, explorar tecnologías alternativas de recolección y almacenamiento de energía más allá del litio es crucial para minimizar los impactos ambientales. Por último, es importante considerar el impacto ambiental y la cantidad de materiales utilizados en el diseño de nuevos productos. Aunque algunos materiales como el hierro se compran en grandes cantidades y tienen un impacto ambiental relativamente bajo, otros como el oro, a pesar de comprarse en cantidades menores, presentan un impacto significativamente mayor
Valoración de impactos ambientales en la implantación de dos parques eólicos y su línea de evacuación en Tivissa (Tarragona)
(2024-09) Subirana Sánchez, Fanny Elena; Beni, Laia; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian
The present study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts derived from the implementation of two wind farms and their evacuation line in the municipality of Tivissa (Tarragona). The “Tivissa 1” wind farm with 12 wind turbines and “Tivissa 2” with 18 wind turbines will have a nominal capacity of 72 MW and 108 MW respectively, employing SIEMENS GAMESA SG 170-6 MW wind turbines. For this purpose, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was carried out following Law 21/2013 of December 9 on environmental assessment. The study methodology included the collection of geospatial data and the characterization of the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environment. In addition, a thorough analysis of the potential environmental impacts in different phases of the project (construction, operation, and dismantling) was conducted. The results identified various negative impacts, especially on the landscape and its habitats, as well as positive impacts related to the use of renewable energies and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Mitigation measures were proposed, such as the implementation of technologies to minimize fauna mortality and the performance of detailed studies to identify and protect critical areas. The study concludes that although there are significant negative impacts, these can be adequately managed through the application of mitigation measures and careful planning, thus allowing the projects to contribute to the objectives of energy sustainability and emission reduction in the region
La influencia de la transición energética en la evaluación de impacto ambiental de los proyectos de energías renovables y su compatibilidad con la transición ecológica
(2024-09) Adalid Parra, Adrià; Peñalver i Cabré, Alexandre
We live in a situation of change, during which an ecological transition is proposed towards a more sustainable world society, and an energy transition through which we should use renewable energy free of carbon emissions. To achieve this, the European Union designs different strategies and laws. Also, in 2022 an energy crisis born with the Ukraine War comes into place and triggers diverse European policies that plan to modify the environmental protection and, especially, the environmental impact assessment of renewable energy generation projects. The environmental impact assessment is the fundamental tool used to protect the environment from projects, and thus its modification is controversial. In this work an analysis is carried out to find out if these modifications of the environmental impact assessment are contradictory to the ecological transition and effective environmental protection. We can advance that from the energy crisis on, the promotion of renewable energy has lessened the environmental requirements and is contradicting the bases of the ecological transition related strategies such as the European Green Deal from 2019 or 8th Environment Action Programme from 2022. Specifically, Regulation 2022/2577 (and its posterior modifications) cuts out or makes more flexible the environmental impact assessment for the renewable energy projects in certain areas that Member States must design. This has been extended, contradicting the exceptional character that the first regulation should have had.
Análisis de sensibilidad económico de un sistema fotovoltaico comunitario en Ciutat Vella - Barcelona
(2023-09) Quintana Torres, Karen Mercedes; Jiménez Martínez, Mariana Catalina
In the ineludible current context of climate change, countries like Spain are living intense heat waves. On the other side, geopolitical situations like the Ukraine war have worsened the energy crisis in Europe, increasing electricity prices and accelerating plans to reduce energy dependence. At the same time, these situations have led the emergence of a social problem like energy poverty, which the literature deﬁnes as the inability to a attain a socially and materially necessitated level of domestic energy services. In this context, energy communities come like a main tool for the energy transition and reduction of energy poverty, which is a way to empower citizens, making them to take an active part in the change. Energy communities are entities where people are beneﬁted from renewable energy projects. There are several ways to implement them depending on the country and new ways are coming as the regulation advances. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the economic proﬁtability of a photovoltaic energy community simulated in Ciutat Vella – Barcelona under diﬀerent sharing arrangements. This was made with a sensitivity analysis of partition coeﬃcients of energy and investment. For this energy community, the members considered were public and private users, also incorporating the inclusion of families in energy poverty. This was realized applying the Collective Self- Consumption (CSC) scheme under the Simpliﬁed Compensation mechanism deﬁned in the Spanish regulation. To this end, hourly consumption proﬁles of public, private, and residential users were collected and analyzed. In second place, photovoltaic potential generation was evaluated in the studied place. Then, potential savings for diﬀerent members of the energy community were calculated according to the scheme of Simpliﬁed Compensation applicable to Collective Self- Consumption. Finally, the project economic analysis was performed over eight diﬀerent scenarios, varying the energy and investment distribution, as well as the number of actors in the energy community. For the evaluation, NTP, IRR and payback time were considered as economic indicators, and saving in electric bills of energy poverty-aﬀected families as a social beneﬁt indicator. From the energy demand analysis, it was observed that the highest consumption occurs in summer, which coincide with peak photovoltaic generation, and it is favorable for the valorization of the generated energy as it promotes direct self-consumption. On the other hand, it was observed that a 100 kWp photovoltaic installation would be undersized to an energy community including an actor with great demand like the University of Barcelona’s Faculty of Geography. In addition, it was determined that, for a 100 kWp installation, a partition coeﬃcient of 1% for each family, would translate into a reasonable social beneﬁt. Furthermore, it was conﬁrmed that the project will have higher proﬁtability when surplus energy is minimized, and more energy is assigned to the users with higher energy tariﬀ. Still, the importance to maintain the social beneﬁt in this type of arrangements must not be disregarded, as in energy communities, proﬁt generation is not the ﬁnal goal. This work concludes that the establishment of this type of community energy projects including public, private, and residential actors from vulnerable contexts are viable. This is said because it is an economically proﬁtable alternative for investors, having the possibility to obtain an NTP of 452.3 k€, IRR of 37.8% and a payback of 2.9 years, while providing beneﬁts to energy poverty families.
Producción de ACS mediante colectores solares basados en materiales reciclables
(2023-09) Sacripanti Olalla, Sofía; Asensi López, José Miguel
In recent years, the global population and the human development have been growing exponentially. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in worldwide energy consumption. Simultaneously, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel usage intensifies global warming, leading to increasingly evident and irreversible consequences worldwide. This has prompted the implementation of various strategies for mitigating, sustaining, and increasing energy efficiency to stop or, at least, delay the effects of climate change. The objective of this project was to study the generation of sanitary hot water (SHW) using a solar collector made from recyclable materials, such as bottles, cans, and tetra packs. The approach and motivation for this work were based on the sustainability implications of such projects, where economic, social, and environmental benefits can be equally obtained. Comparing the recycled collector with a flat plate and a vacuum tube solar collector, all three of them exhibited similar behaviors. However, the efficiency and volume of hot water obtained by the recycled collector were considerably lower than the other two. The low performance of the recycled collector can be attributed to significant thermal losses due to poor hermeticity between plastic bottles, inefficient insulation of pipes or absorbers, as well as inadequate system sizing. Nevertheless, the recycled collector was still able to produce 15 liters of hot water at 50°C on the coldest days of the year, and almost 60 liters on autumn days when the ambient temperature reaches 14°C. Additionally, the results of the eco-audit reflect the negative impact on the environment of constructing these industrial solar collectors. This impact depends significantly on the manufacturing and installation countries, prevailing legislations, and the collective and individual responsibility of all agents involved in the collector's lifecycle. Considering the global shift towards renewable energy systems for all countries worldwide, the manufacturing of solar collectors, especially the energy consumption and carbon footprint involved, should not be disregarded during this energy transition. In conclusion, although the performance of the recycled solar collector may not compete with current market collectors, it remains a product that, from waste, generates SHW at very low monetary and almost negligible energy costs, improving people's quality of life, benefiting families' economies, and protecting the environment. In other words, it is sustainable
Comunitat energètica a Sant Martí de Riucorb, Lleida
(2023-09) Villá Miró, Sara; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian
Considering the climate emergency situation that we are living nowadays, accelerating the energy transition towards a sustainable and renewable energy-based power system is crucial. One way to contribute to it is to promote self-supply, using technologies like wind or solar photovoltaic (PV). Energy communities are included in this area as a way of local collective production and consumption of energy, with environmental, economic and social benefits. This project is focused on the implementation of an energy community in Sant Mart´ı de Riucorb, a small town located in the province of Lleida, Spain. It is studied the viability of an installation of wind turbines and a solar photovoltaic system, separately, in order to cover part of the electricity consumption of the town. In the first place, the wind of the region is characterised in order to check if its velocity is high enough for wind turbines to operate correctly; it is not, so no further studies are made. Secondly, the photovoltaic plant is evaluated. The exact location is defined, as well as the technical characteristics, and, using PVGIS programme adjusting the installed power to the hourly domestic electricity consumption, the energy production is obtained. It is also studied the economic profitability considering a 2 % inflation and a 3 % discount rate. The authorisations needed are specified as well. Finally, it is concluded that, on the one hand, the installation of wind turbines is not viable in the area. On the other hand, the solar photovoltaic plant covers up to 35.17 % of the electricity consumption, being profitable for prices higher than 55 e/MWh in the case of full investment of own capital with a payback lower than 15 years; 70 e/MWh in the situation of investment of half credit (with a 8 % interest rate in 15 years) and half own capital, and 110 e/MWh for the case of full investment of credit. Selling the excess energy has a minor effect due to the fact that it is a small quantity of electricity.
Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA): Conventional TES system versus alternative steel slag-based TES system for CSP plants
(2023-09) Vielma Leal, Carlos A.; Calderón Díaz, Alejandro; Svobodova, Adela
There is a demand for alternative thermal energy storage (TES) materials to support the global deployment of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. These materials should fulfil specific criteria concerning technical, economic, and ecological performance. This research work focuses on the comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant that utilizes Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steel slag as a thermal energy storage material in a thermocline configuration, compared to a conventional CSP plant that uses molten salts. The study aims to evaluate the potential environmental impacts and identify opportunities for sustainability improvement in CSP plants technology. The results demonstrate a significant reduction in the material inventory demand and in the overall environmental impact for the scenarios where the thermocline configuration was chosen. The thermocline TES system showcases notable reductions in the following environmental impact indicators: a) “Damage to the resources availability” and b) “Global warming potential”. Thus, the study highlights the potential of using steel slag to improve the sustainability of CSP plants, while revalorising materials that other case could finish in a landfill. The research and analysis performed indicate that the use of steel slag as a thermal storage material is technically feasible and it has the potential to increase the environmental and economic sustainability, as this material is abundant, energy efficient and sustainable enough for industrial scale applications. In fact, the use of steel slag as TES material could contribute positively to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through: including cleaner energy solutions, promoting innovation in green power generation, responsible managing of resources, and mitigating the climate change
Anteproyecto de diseño de vivienda bioclimática en una finca rural de la Sierra de Aracena
(2023-09) Ortega Sánchez, Beatriz; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian
The aim of this work was to design, in a basic and synthesised way, a bioclimatic single-family house under the premise of improving the comfort of the inhabitants, maximising energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, as it would be located in a rural system in the Dehesa of Sierra Morena, the main idea was to design both the house and the auxiliary systems by reducing the environmental impact, taking advantage of local resources and minimising the use of materials, systems and technologies that could negatively affect the environment and the ecosystems in which it is located. The following list is a summary of the main aspects that have been analysed and the conclusions reached from the study of the different active and passive technologies for the design of this bioclimatic house. • Aiming the circular economy, the idea was to make use of the existing foundations of the ruins of a 150-year-old building. However, given the degree of degradation of these foundations and their poor orientation in bioclimatic terms, it was decided to prioritise the south orientation for the passive design and another location was chosen. • Thanks to the model designed in HULC software, the good results of the semi-burial and the local materials have been confirmed, thanks to their high thermal inertia and thermal insulation properties. • Also, regarding the energy demand results obtained in HULC, it has been possible to check the solar gain of all the openings in the envelope of the house, regardless of their orientation. The software also made possible the sizing of the main overhang thanks to the solar gain contributions calculated for each of the models. The reduction of cooling demand has been prioritised over heating demand, with the use of shading elements in the main and secondary windows. • In view of the good bioclimatic design of the house and its reduced energy needs, the use of continuous air-conditioning systems, such as geothermal or aerothermal, has been discarded due to the impossibility of making them profitable in the short term. An installation of solar thermal panels for SHW (Sanitary Hot Water) production and photovoltaic panels for the electrification of the house has been dimensioned. This work has been developed around the concepts of passive architecture, circular economy, minimum environmental impact, energy efficiency and renewable energies, giving them the importance they should have in each and every one of the sectors involved in our economic and productive system to avoid climate cataclysm in future years.
Evaluación de la sostenibilidad energética de la generación de combustible de aviación por electrorreducción de dióxido de carbono con Fischer-Tropsch
(2023-09) Menéndez, Tomás; Guilera Sala, Jordi
El escenario de calentamiento global debido a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) enfrenta al mundo al reto de limitar el uso de los combustibles fósiles sin disminuir la calidad de vida. Mientras el transporte es uno de los principales contribuyentes de las emisiones de GEI, la aviación es responsable de casi el 14 % de esta (aproximadamente un 4 % del total de las emisiones de CO2). En esta coyuntura, es menester encontrar alternativas sostenibles. Mientras que el transporte terrestre presenta rápidas mejoras para lograr los objetivos de descarbonización, como el uso de motores eléctricos o incluso el hidrógeno, la aviación no puede sacar provecho de las mismas debido a limitaciones técnicas como el peso de las baterías o las limitadas distancias que pueden realizar los vuelos. Por lo tanto, los combustibles de aviación sintéticos (SAF) surgen como una solución factible para lograr los objetivos de descarbonización que la UE debe cumplir bajo su rol protagonista asumido desde el Acuerdo de París en 2015, con el objetivo de mantener el aumento de temperaturas por debajo de los 2 °C respecto a los valores preindustriales. En consecuencia, las emisiones de GEI deben ser reducidas alcanzando la neutralidad de las emisiones de carbono para el 2050. Este documento da un breve panorama del estado del arte de los SAF, mientras que su objetivo principal es proponer un método novedoso para su producción a partir de captura de carbono, comparando su eficiencia con los métodos de producción actuales a partir de distintas materias primas, mientras se logran emisiones netas nulas de CO2. Distintas rutas han sido evaluadas para la producción de SAF a partir de la captura de carbono, como la electrorreducción de CO2 y de H2O para producir gas de síntesis, seguido de un proceso secuencial de Fischer-Tropsch e hidrocraqueo. Sin embargo, un sistema de coelectrólisis seguido de un proceso unificado de Fischer-Tropsch e hidrocraqueo en un solo reactor resultó la alternativa más eficiente, aun teniendo lugar para mejoras. En ambos casos, el hecho de trabajar con una sola unidad elevó las eficiencias, redujo los costos y dotó de mayor flexibilidad al sistema. La coelectrólisis puede alcanzar eficiencias de hasta el 82 %, mientras que el reactor de Fischer-Tropsch e hidrocraqueo presenta una mejora del 5 % respecto a la alternativa secuencial (alcanzando una eficiencia del 72 %). Además, los subproductos de esta última etapa como los hidrocarburos de cadena corta y el calor liberado durante la misma pueden ser utilizados para mejorar la eficiencia global del proceso. Distintas métricas han sido evaluadas para comparar esta nueva ruta de producción con las ya aprobadas. En particular, la eficiencia energética de red alcanza un 79 %, lo que demuestra su viabilidad técnica. Si bien otros métodos de producción poseen eficiencias más elevadas, se requiere de distintas alternativas para alcanzar las futuras demandas de SAF. Si bien la eficiencia energética de red resulta competitiva, para lograr una reducción de las emisiones de CO2, el H2 utilizado debe producirse con fuentes de energía renovables. Aunque la utilización de energía solar fotovoltaica y de energía eólica disminuye la eficiencia global del proceso debido a sus eficiencias medias actuales, aún existe la posibilidad de mejoras. Por lo tanto, esta disminución de la eficiencia se ve compensada con emisiones netas de CO2 nulas, lo cual es el objetivo de la producción de SAF.
Incorporación de hidrógeno al gas natural en un sistema de cogeneración con turbina de gas diseñado para suministrar energía a comunidades conectadas mediante redes urbanas de calor
(2023-09) Aguilar Mendoza, Fiorella Ivette; Jiménez Martínez, Mariana Catalina
El ámbito urbano es el mayor consumidor de energía en la actualidad, contribuyendo con el 70% de las emisiones totales de dióxido de carbono, mientras que el sector eléctrico conlleva grandes pérdidas energéticas y económicas. Para subsanar ambas problemáticas se cuenta con sistemas de eficiencia energética, como las redes urbanas de calor y la cogeneración, las cuales incrementan su eficiencia cuando trabajan en conjunto. Sin embargo, el principal combustible empleado en la cogeneración es el gas natural, por lo que, alineados con los objetivos climáticos del Acuerdo de París, se debe empezar a buscar nuevas alternativas libres de emisiones. Aquí ingresa el rol del hidrógeno, un combustible limpio y con alto potencial energético. No obstante, su producción es limitada y tiene un precio poco competitivo. Por tanto, para evitar el desabastecimiento energético, un aumento de emisiones e incremento del precio de la energía en la actualidad; la mezcla de hidrógeno y gas natural parece ser la opción más conveniente. En tal contexto, el presente documento muestra un estudio de viabilidad técnica, ambiental y económica de la incorporación de hidrógeno al gas natural en un sistema de cogeneración con turbina de gas diseñado para suministrar energía eléctrica y agua caliente sanitaria a comunidades conectadas mediante redes urbanas de calor. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se realiza una investigación documental con el fin de evaluar la compatibilidad de utilizar diferentes mezclas de hidrógeno y gas natural en sistemas compuestos por cogeneración con turbina de gas y redes urbanas de calor. Una configuración que involucra estos elementos se propone en una red urbana de calor teórica ubicada en Logroño (España). Posteriormente, se desarrolla un modelo matemático para simular la operación de la cogeneración en condiciones fuera de diseño, variando el porcentaje de hidrógeno de 0% a 60%, límite establecido por la turbina de gas SGT-400 de la marca Siemens empleada para el caso de estudio. Mediante los datos obtenidos por el modelo, se efectúa el análisis para encontrar el mejor escenario usando como indicadores la eficiencia, la contribución a la demanda, las emisiones de dióxido de carbono, el valor actual neto, la tasa interna de retorno y el tiempo de recuperación de la inversión. Buscando un equilibrio entre el ámbito técnico, ambiental y económico en el 2022, el 40% de hidrógeno se posiciona como la opción más viable. En adición, se efectúa un análisis de sensibilidad económica en los años 2030 y 2050, en los cuales el 60% de hidrógeno se posiciona como la mejor alternativa. Para concluir se comprueba que la adición de hidrógeno en la propuesta planteada permite obtener menores emisiones de dióxido de carbono, con un buen rendimiento energético y buena rentabilidad, la cual se incrementa en escenarios futuros.
Producción de hidrógeno verde a partir de energía solar fotovoltaica para aplicaciones energéticas en la minería chilena
(2023-02) Santibáñez Núñez, Arturo Mauricio; Codina, Bernat
El actual contexto energético y social ha impulsado a los países alrededor del mundo a repensar la forma en que suministran de energía a sus procesos productivos, desarrollando fuentes de energía limpia que aporten a una solución de bajas emisiones y que puedan llegar a todos los lugares posibles. Esta investigación sitúa su estudio en la prefactibilidad técnica y económica de la producción de hidrógeno verde a partir de energía solar en la región norte de Chile, en una de las principales industrias que contribuyen al PIB chileno y que también es una de las más energointensivas del país: la minería. El proyecto, específicamente suple de hidrógeno verde generado por electricidad proveniente de una planta solar fotovoltaica off-grid dimensionada para la demanda de un nuevo tren de hidrógeno que presta servicios de transporte a las diferentes mineras de la región, por lo que esta investigación es de carácter transversal a la actividad minera. La tecnología propuesta es de electrolisis de agua a través de un equipo PEM debido a sus características que hacen que sea el equipo adecuado para esta solución. Finalmente se realizan 2 evaluaciones económicas, la primera para la planta fotovoltaica que entrega un LCOE de 0,031 €/kWh, que posteriormente sirve como input para la evaluación global del proyecto de generación de hidrógeno verde obteniéndose un LCOH de 3,49 €/kgH2 y sus respectivos indicadores financieros VAN y TIR con valores de 67.298.713,96 € y 17 % respectivamente, entregando como resultado un proyecto factible técnica y económicamente
Análisis comparativo entre inversores y microinversores para la generación de energía solar fotovoltaica
(2023-02) Gutiérrez Sepúlveda, Trinidad Sofía; Asensi López, José Miguel
La energía solar fotovoltaica ha tenido un gran desarrollo en los últimos tiempos, sobre todo debido al contexto actual de transición energética desde energías no renovables a energías renovables. La topología de una instalación fotovoltaica es de gran importancia, ya que esta elección definirá la producción total de energía eléctrica que se busca para suplir un porcentaje del consumo eléctrico, ya sea en instalaciones aisladas o bien en instalaciones de autoconsumo conectadas a la red eléctrica. Por esta razón resulta interesante, y corresponde al objetivo de este trabajo, estudiar el funcionamiento de los diferentes inversores que hoy en día más se venden en el mercado de la fotovoltaica, poniendo énfasis en el tipo de inversor que entra en competencia: los microinversores. Se realiza un análisis comparativo entre los microinversores, inversor central, y el uso de optimizadores de potencia, a través de una extensa revisión bibliográfica. La hipótesis planteada, es si los microinversores son la opción segura, rentable y más eficiente. De la búsqueda bibliográfica abarcada, se concluye que la decisión de utilizar microinversores en lugar de otro sistema de transformación de energía es ambigua, y depende de muchos factores, como por ejemplo, el tamaño de la instalación fotovoltaica, los objetos de sombreado que estarán presentes y la frecuencia de sombreado, la cantidad de energía necesaria para cubrir el consumo del cliente, y el presupuesto disponible
Análisis de factibilidad de la instalación de un parque eólico en la isla de San Andrés, Colombia
(2023-02) Albor Madariaga, Yanina de Jesús; Fàbrega Gallego, Cristian
El presente documento muestra el desarrollo de un estudio de factibilidad técnica y económica de la instalación de un parque eólico onshore en la Isla de San Andrés en Colombia, que contribuya a la disminución de la dependencia de combustibles fósiles para el abastecimiento de la demanda energética y como consecuencia, una reducción en la emisión de los gases de efecto invernadero. Para llevar a cabo lo anterior, se realiza una investigación documental en donde se evidencia la composición del mix energético del mercado mayorista de Colombia y la situación actual de la energía eólica en el territorio. Adicionalmente se analiza la generación eléctrica en Isla de San Andrés y las características del viento en esa parte del país, quedando en evidencia que puede ser un lugar apto para el estudio, puesto que se encuentra dentro de las zonas con mayores velocidades medias del territorio. Por otra parte, gracias a los datos obtenidos de la estación meteorológica de Johnny Cay, se realiza el análisis técnico en donde, por medio del cálculo de los parámetros de la Ley de Weibull, su potencial eólico y la energía producida en un año tipo, realizando comparación de distintos aerogeneradores aptos para la clase de viento de San Andrés, se estimó un cubrimiento de demanda energética de más del 50% de la isla. Como parte final, se estudia la factibilidad económica en donde se estima un costo de inversión inicial y se realiza un análisis de flujo de caja del proyecto, en donde se obtiene un valor anual neto positivo y un payback de alrededor de 17 años y 3 meses.
Monitorización y análisis de la facturación y calidad del suministro eléctrico de una industria de bienes de consumo en Cataluña
(2022-07) Valdebenito Sosa, Federico Nicolás; Jiménez Martínez, Mariana Catalina
The rising of energy prices as well as the new rates structure of the Spanish electricity market have increased the impact of these costs on industries. To remain competitive, companies must pay special attention to their consumption and ensure that the contracted conditions are adequate to their needs, avoiding unnecessary costs and ensuring an optimal quality of service. This paper addresses such issues by analyzing the case of an industrial consumer (tariff 6.1) in the region of Argentona, Catalonia to evaluate the following aspects: that the active energy billing of the company is made according to correct measurements, that the contracted power is optimal to its needs and that there is an adequate control of reactive energy (inductive and capacitive) to avoid penalties in the bill. The latter is done by considering the current tariff structure and normative applicable to industrial consumers in Spain. Finally, a brief analysis is made regarding the quality of the electricity supply. The installation of equipment that monitors electrical variables and generates information is of great importance as a first step towards reducing energy costs. In addition, the possibility of observing energy consumption discriminated by periods makes it possible to plan when it is convenient to make certain consumptions. For the analysis done on this case study, power consumption data from a smart meter is obtained covering the period from 1/1/2022 to 04/30/2022. To validate the active energy billing, statistical metrics used to compare time series, typical in forecasting applications, are used in this case to contrast the fiscal meter hour electricity consumption measurements to that of an additional meter installed by the company, thus, validating the fiscal meter measures. Then, a contracted power optimization tool is used to find the most suitable contracted power value for each period, and modifications to the contracted power are suggested, which provide the possibility of annual savings. Regarding inductive reactive energy, it is observed that the company has no penalties for this concept at any time during the evaluated period, given the applicable rules for this concept. Although no information is available to corroborate it, the trends in the company’s reactive energy consumption permits to assume that the installation has some type of battery bank to compensate and reduce the inductive reactive energy consumed. What is more, there are repeated excesses of capacitive reactive energy in periods of low consumption, which exceed the limit established in the regulations. At this point, the penalizations associated to this issue has a zero cost, but is probable to increment in the future for which improvement actions are proposed. In terms of quality of the power supply, the need for this evaluation to be carried out in real time is evident. It is suggested to implement alarms that detect in real time when the values established by the standard are exceeded. When analyzing the events related to voltage reduction, the interruptions that occurred in the period of analysis are presented discriminated by month and time of occurrence. It is suggested to keep recording the interruptions during 2022 and at the end of the year applying the methodology again.

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