Review of the Hartig type collection of Alloxysta ( Hymenoptera : Figitidae : Charipinae ) and other Alloxysta material deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung Museum ( Munich )

Hartig’s collection of Alloxysta species, deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung Museum (ZSM, Munich, Germany), is here reviewed. In total, 19 species and 144 specimens have been studied. Fourteen species, of the previous twenty-two, are now valid: Alloxysta aperta (Hartig, 1841), A. brachyptera (Hartig, 1840), A. castanea (Hartig, 1841), A. circumscripta (Hartig, 1841), A. fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841), A. leunisii (Hartig, 1841), A. longipennis (Hartig, 1841), A. macrophadna (Hartig, 1841), A. melanogaster (Hartig, 1840), A. obscurata (Hartig, 1840), A. pilipennis (Hartig, 1840), A. postica (Hartig, 1841), A. minuta (Hartig, 1840) and A. rufiventris (Hartig, 1840). These species are redescribed and their morphological features are illustrated in corresponding plates. Alloxysta cursor (Hartig, 1840) and A. erythrothorax (Hartig, 1840) are considered as ‘nomen dubium’. Two new synonyms are here established among Hartig’s species: Alloxysta defecta (Hartig, 1841) with A. castanea (Hartig, 1841) and A. flavicornis (Hartig, 1841) with A. pilipennis (Hartig, 1840). Additional material of Alloxysta deposited in this museum has been examined and new host records are here reported.


INTRODUCTION
Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) are small wasps (0.8−2.0 mm), which are typically characterized by having a smooth and shiny body, and by being widely distributed around the world.The subfamilies Eucoilinae, Emargininae and Thrasorinae also include small figitids with a smooth shiny body.Eucoilinae differs from Charipinae having a scutellar cup or plate, a unique feature in the Cynipoidea.Emargininae differs from Charipinae having a deeply bilobed forewing, and most species having two faint semi-parallel scutellar dorsal carinae, slightly ovoid.Thrasorus (Thrasorinae) differs from Charipinae having the posterior dorsal surface of scutellum irregularly carinate, and having circumtorular impression and notauli.
The taxonomy of this subfamily has been chaotic in the past.The early authors gave special attention to size and colouration of specimens, disregarding other important characters that are now considered as essential for species differentiation, namely: a) the proportion of the flagellomeres; b) the size and shape of the radial cell; c) the presence or absence of pronotal carinae; d) the presence or absence, size and shape of propodeal carinae.
Moreover, there are many described species which need to be revised in order to discard possible synonyms and establish their correct status.
Alloxysta Förster, 1869 is the most species-rich genus of Charipinae, comprising 111 species currently considered valid.Species of this genus are cosmopolitan and they are hyperparasitoids of Aphididae through Aphelinidae and Braconidae (Menke & Evenhuis 1991).The identification of the species is difficult due to very few diagnostic features useful to distinguish between them.As result, thorough revision of Alloxysta species is necessary studying all the type material deposited in different institutions around the world.
In this study, the Alloxysta type material of Hartig's collection and some other specimens of Alloxysta deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung (Munich, Germany) were reviewed.Hartig described 9 Alloxysta species in 1840 and 10 species in 1841.Evenhuis (1982) revised Hartig's type material and designated lectotypes.In our study, some specimens of type series are considered paralectotypes and all lectotypes are redescribed and illustrated.Two new synonyms among Hartig's species are established.Additional material of Alloxysta has been identified for better understanding of the distribution and biological traits of the species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The type material was studied in situ using a stereomicroscope (NIKON SMZ-1) at the Museum.The lectotype specimens were photographed using a Zeiss Discovery V8 compound microscope attached to an INFINITYX-21C digital camera.The program DeltaPix View-Pro AZ was used to process stacks of images (typically 20) taken at different focal planes into a single picture with extended focus.Electron microscope images (SEM) were taken with a Stereoscan Leica-360, without coating, at 15 KV.
According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the specimens within a type series which do not correspond to the species description, cannot be excluded of this type series and should be considered as non-conspecific paralectotypes (ICZN,Art. 72.1.3;73.2.2;74.1.3).Only the species considered valid are redescribed and their morphological features are illustrated in corresponding plates .As the presence and shape of propodeal carinae are the important characters to distinguish between Alloxysta species, two SEM figures have been included there: with all the propodeums without carinae (Fig. 15) and with all the propodeums with carinae present (Fig. 16).Sometimes, it was necessary to include to our study also the different material from Charipinae subfamily from the collection of ZSM.A total of 100 Alloxysta specimens have been studied and revised.
The morphological terms used are drawn from Paretas-Martinez et al. (2007).Abbreviations include F1-F12, first and subsequent flagellomeres.The width of the forewing radial cell is measured from the margin of the wing to the beginning Rs vein.The transfacial line is measured as the distance between the inner margins of composed eyes, measured across the face through the antennal sockets divided by the height of the eye.The malar space is measured by the distance from the lower part of the gena from the mouthparts to the ventral margin of the composed eye, divided by the height of the eye.

Alloxysta aperta
Comments.Alloxysta aperta (Hartig) is represented by two specimens (1 ♂ & 1 ♀) in Hartig's collection.The female was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 21).The male determined by Hartig as Xystus apertus (included here in additional material) does not represent a paralectotype because this species was originally described only from one or several females.Hartig (1841) erroneously stated that the radial cell is open.According to the labels, Kierych was mistaken in defining the sex of the lectotype specimen.Comments.After examination of the type material (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012b), we showed that this species was erroneously synonymized with A. brevis by Fergusson (1986).
Remarks on hosts.Alloxysta arcuata is here cited for the first time related with the aphid Myzus cerasi.(Hartig, 1840) (Fig. 2) H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view; with setae below and between toruli; without setae above toruli; with few or without setae on vertex, with nuerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.1 times height of eye.Malar space 0.5 times height of eye.

Alloxysta brachyptera
An tenna .Female unknown.Male with 14 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1─F3 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F4 to F12 with rhinaria and club shaped.Pedicel 2.5 times as long as wide; F1 to F3 2.7 times as long as their width; F4 2.0 times as long as wide.Pedicel 1.3 times as long as F1; F1 to F4 subequal in length; F4 to F12 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 2b).
Mesosoma.Pronotum covered with few setae, without carinae (Fig. 2c).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view, with few scattered setae.Scutellum smooth and shiny, covered by long setae.Propodeum covered with abundant setae, with setae on top; two carinae present forming a separated plate.Sides of first half of plate straight while in second half it slightly curved (Figs 2d & 16a).
Fo rew ing .Strongly shorter than body, 0.3 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together; covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present.Radial cell absent (Fig. 2a).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Alloxysta brachyptera (Hartig) is represented by three specimens in Hartig's collection (3 males); females are still unknown.Hartig's description of this species is based on a female but there are no females in his collection.It's likely Hartig was mistaken in defining the sex in the original description.For this reason, one male was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 21).Another male is considered here as paralectotype because it matches with the original description and it is similar to the lectotype designated by Evenhuis.The last specimen has longer wings than the others, reaching to the end of the metasoma and the radial cell is visible, it is considered here as non-conspecific paralectotype because in the original description Hartig mentions short wings.Remarks on hosts.Alloxysta brevis is here cited for the first time parasitizing Aphis fabae through Lysiphlebus fabarum and related with the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi.
Me so so ma .Pronotum covered with setae except it central area, with two thick carinae clearly visible (Fig. 3e).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view, with few scattered setae.Scutellum smooth and shiny, covered by scattered setae, being abundant on apex of scutellum.Height of mesopleural triangle along anterior margin 1.6 times height of mesopleuron.Propodeum covered by numerous setae, with two carinae forming a plate, with few setae on its top, with its sides slightly curved (Figs 3f & 16e).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.6 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 3a).Radial cell closed, 2.4 times as long as wide.R1 short and straight, slightly curved distally; Rs long and slightly curved (Fig. 3c).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially and wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.In Hartig's collection, the material of Alloxysta castanea (Hartig) include two specimens (females), on the same pin.One of them was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 21), the other is considered as paralectotype.According to Evenhuis (1982) this pin has two labels: a grey label with the number '638', and a Hartig's species label 'castaneus m.'.Unfortunately, both these labels are lost, but the specimens have a pink label with 'lectotypus Xystus castaneus Htg, Zoologische Staatssammlg.München'.
Material of Alloxysta defecta (Hartig) consists of 19 specimens in Hartig's collection (2 ♂♂ and 17 ♂♂).One female was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 22).Two males and seven females are considered here as paralectotypes because they match with the original description and the lectotype.The other nine specimens have been rejected as A. defecta for different reasons, and considered here as non-conspecific paralectotypes.
Initially, Alloxysta castanea (Hartig, 1841) was synonymized with A. fulviceps (Curtis, 1838) by Fergusson (1986).In the recent study (Pujade-Villar et al. 2011) a new lectotype of A. fulviceps was designated and according to its features it was synonymized with A. victrix (see Table 1).Thus, the new valid name for this group was A. castanea.
Diagnosis.Alloxysta circumscripta is mainly characterized by having closed radial cell, radial cell being 2.3 times as long as wide, pronotal carinae present, propodeal carinae absent, female antennae with the beginning of rhinaria in F5, F2 shorter than F3, F3 shorter than F4, male antennae with the beginning of rhinaria in F4, F2 longer than F3, F3 shorter than F4.It is similar to A. fuscicornis but they can be differentiated by the proportion between flagellomeres: F1 subequal to F2, F2 shorter or subequal to F3 in A. circumscripta while F1 longer than F2, F2 subequal to F3 in A. consobrina; size of radial cell: 2.5 times as long as wide in A. circumscripta but 2.7 in A. consobrina.
H ead .Transversally oval, slightly wider than high in front view, with setae below, between and laterally of toruli, with few setae above toruli; with few scattered setae on vertex and numerous setae on face.Transfacial line equal to height of eye.Malar space 0.5 times height of eye (Fig. 4c).
Mesosoma.Pronotum covered with numerous setae except in the central area, with two thick carinae distinctly visible under the pubescence (Fig. 4e).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view with very few scattered setae.Scutellum also smooth and shiny covered by a few long setae, not being abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum entirely covered by long setae, without carinae (Figs 4f & 15b).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.3 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 4a).Radial cell closed, 2.5 times as long as wide.R1 short and straight; Rs longer and slightly curved (Fig. 4b).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Alloxysta circumscripta (Hartig) is represented by five specimens (females).One female was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 22).The other female is considered here as paralectotype because it matches the original description and the lectotype.The other three females are discarded as A. circumscripta, one of them is a Phaenoglyphis species and the other two have a propodeal plate.They are considered here as non-conspecifics paralectotypes.Comments.The type material of Alloxysta cursor contains only one specimen which is designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982); this author mentions 'only one male is present, which has the funicolus of both antennae missing' (Evenhuis, 1982: 22).The antennae are very important to define species of Alloxysta.In the original description the flagellomeres are not defined.Therefore we cannot recognize if A. cursor is a valid name or it is a synonym of another one.For this reason, we consider here this species name a nomen dubium.

Alloxysta erythrothorax (Hartig, 1840)
Type material.lost (Evenhuis, 1982).Comments.This species was considered valid until the Charipinae revision by Ferrer-Suay et al. (2012a).Alloxysta defecta and A. nigriventris were considered by different authors as http://rcin.org.plsynonyms of this species.The type material of A. erythrothorax is lost.Quinlan & Fergusson (1981) synonymized this species with A. fulviceps without study the type material.In the original description, nor in subsequent descriptions, important characters such as the radial cell, proportion between flagellomeres, and pronotal and propodeal carinae have been not mentioned.Then, we cannot recognize if this species is a valid species or it is really a synonymy of A. fulviceps.For this reason, we consider here this species name a nomen dubium.

Alloxysta fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841)
(Fig. 5) Diagnosis.Alloxysta fuscicornis is mainly characterized by having a closed radial cell, (radial cell being 2.7 times as long as wide), pronotal carinae present, propodeal carinae absent, male and female antennae with the beginning of rhinaria in F4, F2 longer than F3, F3 shorter than F4, F1-F3 bowed in male.It is similar to A. circumscripta but they can be differentiated by the proportion between flagellomeres: F1 longer than F2, F2 subequal to F3 in A. fuscicornis while F1 subequal to F2, F2 shorter or subequal to F3 in A. circumscripta; size of radial cell: 2.7 times as long as wide in A. fuscicornis but 2.5 in A. circumscripta.
Redescription.C o lor a t ion.Head yellowish brown, mesosoma and metasoma yellowish brown.Antennae yellowish brown.Legs yellow and veins yellowish brown.
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view; with setae below and between toruli; without setae above toruli; and on vertex; with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.1 times height of eye.Malar space 0.4 times height of eye.
Me so so ma .Pronotum covered with numerous setae except in its central area, with two thick carinae distinctly visible (Fig. 5b).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view with few scattered setae present.Scutellum smooth and shiny, covered by setae, being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Height of mesopleural triangle along anterior margin 1.6 times height of mesopleuron.Propodeum entirely covered by setae, without carinae (Figs 5c &15c).
Fo rew ing.Longer than body, 1.7 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together; covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 5a).Radial cell closed, 2.7 times as long as wide.R1 short and slightly curved; Rs longer and curved.(Fig. 5a).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially and wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Remarks on hosts.Alloxysta fuscicornis is here cited for the first time parasitizing Diaeretiella rapae through the aphids Aphis brassicae and Methopolophium dirhodum.

Alloxysta leunisii (Hartig, 1841)
(Fig. 6) Diagnosis.Alloxysta leunisii is mainly characterized by having closed radial cell, radial cell being 2.0 times as long as wide, pronotal carinae present, propodeal carinae absent, rhinaria and club shaped begin in F2 in female and F2 in male, F1 longer than pedicel and subequal to F2 and F3 in female, male with the same proportions except having F3 longer than F2.It is similar to A. fuscicornis but they can be differentiated by the beginning of rhinaria in female: F2 in A. leunisii and F3/F4 in A. fuscicornis; shape of flagellomeres in male: F1 slightly curved outward in A. leunisii while F1-F3 strongly curved outward in A. fuscicornis; size of radial cell: 2.0 times as long as wide in A. leunisii 2.7 times as long as wide in A. fuscicornis.http://rcin.org.plRedescription.Co lora tion.Head yellowish brown, mesosoma and metasoma brown (distal part of metasoma dark brown to almost black).Antennae yellowish brown.Legs and veins yellowish brown.
H ead .Transversally oval, slightly wider than high in front view, with setae below and between toruli, with few setae above toruli, with a few or without setae on vertex, with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.3 times height of eye.Malar space 0.5 times height of eye (Fig. 6h).
An tenna .Female with 13 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F2 to F11 with rhinaria and clubshaped (more obvious in F3).Pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide.F1 3.7 times, F2 2.8 times, F3 3.1 times, and F4 3.1 times as long as their width.F1 1.8 times as long as pedicel and 1.1 times as long as F2; F3 1.1 times as long as F2; F3 to F11 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 6f).Male with 14 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 and F2 thinner and smooth than remaining flagellomeres, F3 to F12 with rhinaria and club-shaped.F1 curved outward.Pedicel 1.7 times as long as wide; F1 3.0 times, F2 2.0 times, F3 2.7 times, and F4 2.7 times as long as their width respectively.F1 1.2 times as long as pedicel and subequal to F2; F3 1.3 times as long as F2; F3 to F12 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 6e).
Me so so ma .Pronotum covered with setae except its central area, with two thick and dark carinae (Fig. 6c).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view, with a few scattered setae.Scutellum also smooth and shiny, covered by setae, being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum entirely covered by setae, without carinae (Figs 6d & 15d).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.5 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense setae, marginal setae present.Radial cell closed, 2.0 times as long as wide in male and female.R1 short and slightly curved; Rs long and curved.(Figs 6a & 6b).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Alloxysta leunisii (Hartig) is represented by ten specimens (1 ♂ and 9 ♀♀) in Hartig's collection.One female is designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 24).Four females are considered here as paralectotypes because they match with the original description and the lectotype.The male has been rejected as paralectotype because the description of this species is based only on female.The last four females are not conspecific with A. leunisii, one of them is not even a Charipinae specimen, other two are Phaenoglyphis species and the last is not Alloxysta leunisii.For these reasons they are considered here as non-conspecific paralectotypes.

Alloxysta longipennis (Hartig, 1841)
(Fig. 7) Diagnosis.Alloxysta longipennis is mainly characterized by having partially open radial cell, radial cell being 2.6 times as long as wide, pronotal and propodeal carinae present forming a plate with straight sides, female with the beginning of rhinaria in F3, F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2 subequal to F3, F3 shorter than F4.Male unknown.It is similar to A. melanogaster but they can be differentiated by the proportion between flagellomeres in female: F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2 subequal to F3 in A. longipennis while pedicel-F3 in A. melanogaster; size of radial cell 2.6 times as long as wide in A. longipennnis but 2.3 times in A. melanogaster.
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view; with setae below, between and a few above toruli; with few or without setae on vertex, with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.1 times height of eye.Malar space 0.5 times height of eye.
An tenna .Female with 13 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 and F2 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F3 to F11 with rhinaria and club-shaped.Pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 4.0 times, F2 3.6 times, F3 3.0 times, and F4 3.3 times as long as their width.F1 1.7 times as long as pedicel and 1.1 times as long as F2; F2 subequal to F3; F4 1.1 times as long as F3; F4 to F11 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 7d).Male unknown.
Mesosoma.Pronotum covered with dense setae except in posterodorsal margins and central area, with two thick carinae clearly visible under pubescence (Fig. 7b).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view, with few scattered setae, abundant on anterior margin.Scutellum smooth, shiny, covered by long setae being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum covered by setae, with two carinae forming a plate, setae present in three first thirds of plate with curved sides (Figs 7c & 16f).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.7 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 7a).Radial cell partially open, 2.6 times as long as wide.R1 short and straight; Rs long and curved (Fig. 7a).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.

Alloxysta macrophadna (Hartig, 1841)
(Fig. 8) Diagnosis: Alloxysta macrophadna is mainly characterized by having a big partially open radial cell, pronotal carinae present, propodeal carinae absent, rhinaria and club shaped begin in F4 in females and F3 in males.It is similar to A. obscurata but they can be differentiated by the shape and proportion between flagellomeres: F1 subequal to F2, F2 longer than F3 and F3 subequal to F4 in A. macrophadna while F1 longer than F2, F2 shorter than F3 and F3 shorter than F4 in A. obscurata; F2 and F3 strongly curved outward in A. macrophadna male but without any flagellomere curved outward in A. obscurata male; size of radial cell: 3.0 times as long as wide in A. macrophadna but 2.7 times in A. obscurata.
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view; with setae below and between toruli, without setae above toruli and on vertex, with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.1 times height of eye.Malar space 0.5 times height of eye.
An tenna .Female with 13 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 and F2 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F3 to F11 with rhinaria and club shaped.Pedicel 1.7 times as long as wide; F1 5.3 times, F2 4.0 times, F3 2.8 times, and F4 2.8 times as long as their width respectively.F1 1.3 times as long as pedicel and subequal to F2; F2 1.1 times as long as F3; F3 to F11 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 8c).Male with 14 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 and F2 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F3 to F12 with rhinaria and club shaped.F2 and F3 curved outward.Pedicel 1.3 times as long as wide; F1 3.5 times, F2 3.5 times, F3 3.0 times, and F4 2.0 times as long as their width respectively.F1 1.8 times as long as pedicel and subequal to F2; F2 1.2 times as long as F3; F3 1.5 times as long as F4; F4 to F11 subequal in length, width and shape.
Me so so ma .Pronotum covered with numerous setae, with two thick carinae distinctly visible under the pubescence (Fig. 8d).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view with few scattered setae in anterior and lateral margins.Scutellum smooth and shiny, covered by long setae being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum covered by long setae, without carinae (Figs 8f & 15e).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.8 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 8a).Radial cell partially open, 3.0 times as long as wide.R1 short and slightly curved; Rs longer and curved.(Fig. 8b).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Alloxysta macrophadna (Hartig) is represented by five specimens (1 male and 4 females) in Hartig's collection.One female was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1974: 165).The other three females are conspecifics and then are considered here as paralectotypes.The male has been rejected as paralectotype because the original description is based only in females.

Alloxysta melanogaster (Hartig, 1840)
(Fig. 9) Diagnosis.Alloxysta melanogaster is mainly characterized by having partially open radial cell, radial cell being 2.3 times as long as wide, pronotal and propodeal carinae present, female antennae with the beginning of rhinaria in F3, F1 subequal to pedicel, F1 longer than F2, F2 subequal to F3, F4 longer than F3, male antennae with the beginning of rhinaria in F2, F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2-F4 subequal in length.It is similar to A. longipennis but they can be differentiated by the proportion between flagellomeres in female: pedicel-F3 subequal in A. melanogaster while F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2 subequal to F3 in A. longipennis; size of radial cell 2.3 times as long as wide in A. melanogaster but 2.6 times in A. longipennnis.
Redescription.Co lo ra tion.Head yellowish, mesosoma dark yellow and metasoma yellowish brown (darker in distal part).Antennae yellow, darkening towards the end.Legs yellow and veins yellowish nearly transparent.
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view, with setae below and between toruli, without setae above toruli and on vertex, with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.2 times height of eye.Malar space 0.5 times height of eye.
An tenna .Female with 13 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 and F2 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F3 to F11 with rhinaria and club shaped.Pedicel 1.7 times as long as wide; F1 2.5 times, F2 2.5 times, F3 2.5 times, and F4 2.4 times as long as their width respectively.F1 subequal to pedicel; F1 to F3 subequal in lenght; F4 1.2 times as long as F3; F4 to F11 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 9c).Male with 14 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 thinner and smooth than remaining flagellomeres, F2 to F12 with rhinaria and club shaped.Pedicel 1.5 times as long as wide; F1 4.0 times, F2 2.3 times, F3 2.3 times, and F4 2.3 times as long as their width respectively.F1 1.3 times as long as pedicel and 1.1 times as long as F2; F2 to F12 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 9g).
Mesosoma.Pronotum covered by setae, less abundant in central area; with two thick carinae distinctly visible (Fig. 9d).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view with scattered setae.Scutellum smooth and shiny, covered by a few setae, not being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum covered by numerous setae, two present carinae forming plate with setae on middle of first half, its sides straight or very slightly curved (Figs 9e & 16g).
Fo rew ing.Longer than body, 1.3 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together; covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present.Radial cell partially open, 2.0 times as long as wide.R1 short and straight; Rs longer and curved (Figs 9a & 9b).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Material of Alloxysta melanogaster (Hartig) contains of nine specimens (3 males and 6 females).One male is designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 25).Other male is considered here as paralectotype because it matches with the original description and the lectotype designated by Evenhuis.The last male is brachypterous so it is considered here as non-conspecific paralectotype.There are four females conspecific, but they cannot be considered as paralectotypes because the description is based on males.The other two females are not A. melanogaster specimens (one for being A. victrix).
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view, with setae below, between and above toruli, with a few or without setae on vertex, with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.1 times height of eye.Malar space 0.4 times height of eye.
An tenna .Female with 13 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 and F2 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F3 to F11 with rhinaria and club shaped.Pedicel 1.8 times as long as wide; F1 4.0 times, F2 3.2 times, F3 3.3 times, and F4 2.6 times as long as their width respectively.F1 1.4 times as long as pedicel and 1.3 times as long as F2; F3 1.3 times as long as F2; F3 1.1 times as long as F4; F4 to F11 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 10f).Male with 14 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 to F3 thinner and smooth than remaining flagellomeres, F4 to F12 with rhinaria and club shaped.F2 slightly curved outward.Pedicel 1.4 times as long as wide; F1 7.0 times, F2 5.0 times, F3 3.6 times, and F4 2.0 times as long as their width respectively.F1 2.8 times as long as pedicel and 1.4 times as long as F2; F2 1.1 times as long as F3; F3 1.5 times as long as F4; F4 to F12 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 10g).
Mesosoma.Pronotum covered by numerous setae being less abundant in the central area and distolateral corners; with two thick carinae distinctly visible under pubescence (Fig. 10c).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view, with scattered setae, more abundant on anterior margin.Scutellum smooth and shiny, covered by long setae, being more abundant on apex of scutellum and lateral sides.Propodeum covered by numerous setae, without carinae (Figs 10d & 15f).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.4 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present.Radial cell partially open, 3.1 times as long as wide.R1 short and slightly curved; Rs longer and curved.(Figs 10a & 10b).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Alloxysta obscurata (Hartig) is represented by 10 specimens in Hartig's collection (2 males and 8 females).One female was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 26); other female is considered as paralectotype because it matches with the original description and the lectotype designated by Evenhuis.One male is conspecific but it cannot be considered as paralectotype because the original description is based on females.There are three specimens which correspond to P. villosa (one male and two females) and four females from different Alloxysta species not identified, all of them are considered here as non-conspecific paralectotypes.

Alloxysta pilipennis (Hartig, 1840)
(Fig. 11) Diagnosis.Male unknown.Alloxysta pilipennis is mainly characterized by having closed radial cell, radial cell being 2.5 times as long as wide, pronotal and propodeal carinae present, female antennae with the beginning of rhinaria in F3, F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2-F4 subequal in length.It is similar to A. pusilla (Kieffer, 1902) but they can be differentiated by the proportion between flagellomeres: F2 subequal to F3 in A. pilipennis female but F2 shorter than F3 in A. pusilla female; F1-F3 not subequal and without any flagellomere curved in A. pilipennis male but F1-F3 subequal in length and slightly curved in A. pusilla male; size of radial cell: 2.4 times in A. pilipennis female but 2.7 times as long as wide in A. pusilla female.
Redescription.Co lor a tion.Head dark yellow, mesosoma yellowish brown, metasoma brown with distal part dark brown.Antennae yellowish, darkening towards tip.Legs yellowish and veins yellowish brown.
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view, with setae below, between and above toruli, with few setae on vertex and numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.4 times height of eye.Malar space 0.7 times height of eye.
An tenna .Female with 13 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 and F2 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F3 to F11 with rhinaria and club shaped.Pedicel 1.8 times as long as wide; F1 5.5 times, F2 4.5 times, F3 3.6 times, and F4 3.0 times as long as their width respectively.F1 1.6 times as long as pedicel and 1.2 times as long as F2; F2 to F11 subequal in length, width and shape (Fig. 11b).Male with 14 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 thinner and smooth than remaining flagellomeres, F2 to F12 with rhinaria and club shaped.Without any flagellomere curved.Pedicel 2.0 times as long as wide; F1 2.8 times, F2 2.3 times, F3 2.3 times, and F4 2.3 times as long as their width respectively.F1 1.2 times as long as pedicel; F1 to F12 subequal in length.
Me so so ma .Pronotum entirely covered with numerous setae; with two carinae difficult to see under the pubescence (Fig. 11d).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view, with scattered setae.Scutellum smooth and shiny covered by long setae, being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum covered by numerous setae, two carinae well defined in the first third and joined in fine plate in last three thirds, with abundant setae in first half, sides very slighty curved (Figs 11f & 16h).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.7 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 11a).Radial cell open, 2.3 times as long as wide.R1 short and slightly curved; Rs longer and curved (Fig. 11c).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Alloxysta pilipennis (Hartig) is represented by 11 specimens (females).One female was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 25).Five females are here considered as paralectotypes because they match with the original description and the lectotype designated by Evenhuis.The rest of specimens are different species and considered here as nonconspecific paralectotypes.
Alloxysta flavicornis (Hartig) is represented by four specimens (females) in Hartig's collection.One of them is designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 23).Other two females are considered as paralectotypes.The last female has been rejected as A. flavicornis because it has not pronotal carinae and has different proportions between flagellomeres.So it is considered as non-conspecific paralectotype.After studying the type series of these two species it has been evidenced that they are the same species because both have radial cell closed, pronotal and propodeal plate present, F1 longer than pedicel and F2 (syn.nov).
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view, with setae below, between and a few above toruli, with few or without setae on vertex, with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.1 times height of eye.Malar space 0.4 times height of eye.
Mesosoma.Pronotum covered by setae, being less abundant on central area; with two thick carinae distinctly visible (Fig. 12d).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view, with few scattered setae.Scutellum smooth and shiny covered by long scattered setae, being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum entirely covered by setae, two carinae present forming plate with numerous setae on middle of first thirds, sides of plate straight (Fis 12e & 16d).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 12a).Radial cell partially open, 2.2 times as long as wide.R1 short and straight; Rs longer and curved (Fig. 12a).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.

Alloxysta ramulifera (Thomson, 1862) (= X. minutus Hartig)
(Fig. 13) Diagnosis.Alloxysta ramulifera is mainly characterized by having small closed radial cell, radial cell being 2.0 times as long as wide, pronotal carinae present also very small sometimes difficult to see under the pubescence, propodeal carinae forming a plate, rhinaria and club shaped begin in F4, F1 subequal to pedicel, F1 longer than F2, F2 subequal to F3, F3 shorter than F4.Alloxysta ramulifera is very similar to A. arcuata (Kieffer, 1902) both species having pronotal carinae, propodeal plate, and radial cell small and closed.They can be distinguished by: shape of pronotal carinae, small and sometimes very difficult to see under the pubescence in A. ramulifera (thick and clearly visible in A. arcuata); shape of propodeal plate, in A. ramulifera the carinae are straight separated by setae in the first 1/3 and forming a plate in the last 2/3 (forming a complete plate in A. arcuata); and in size of radial cell: 2.0 times as long as wide in A. ramulifera (2.3 times as long as wide in A. arcuata).
Redescription.C o lor a tion.Head, mesosoma and metasoma yellowish brown.Scape, pedicel and F1 to F3 dark yellow, F4 and F5 yellowish brown.Legs dark yellow and veins yellowish brown.
H ead .Transversally ovate, slightly wider than high in front view, with setae below and between toruli, without setae above toruli and on vertex, with numerous setae on face.Transfacial line 1.1 times height of eye.Malar space 0.5 times height of eye.
Mesosoma.Pronotum entirely covered by setae, less abundant on posterodorsal margins and central area; with two small carinae sometimes indistinctly visible under pubescence (Fig. 13b).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view with scattered setae, more abundant on anterior margin.Scutellum smooth and shiny, covered by long setae, being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum covered by numerous setae, with two carinae forming plate, carinae only well defined on top, with abundant setae in first half, sides of plate straight (Figs 13c & 16c).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.4 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 13a).Radial cell closed, 2.0 times as long as wide.R1 short and straight; Rs longer and curved.(Fig. 13a).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga distinctly visible.
Comments.Alloxysta minuta (Hartig) is represented by nine specimens (females).One female was designated as lectotype by Evenhuis (1982: 25).Four females are considered here as paraletotype because they match with the original description and the lectotype designated by Evenhuis.The rest of females are not A. minuta (one of them even is a Phaenoglyphis species), they are considered here as non-conspecific paralectotypes.
According to Evenhuis & Barbotin (1987), the name A. minuta (Hartig, 1840) had to be rejected due to homonymy with A. minuta (Zetterstedt, 1838).For this reason the authors replaced it by A. ramulifera (Thomson), the next name into its synonym list.The specimens of Alloxysta minuta (Hartig) studied here belong to A. ramulifera.

Alloxysta rufiventris (Hartig, 1840)
(Fig. 14) Diagnosis.Alloxysta rufiventris is mainly characterized by having partially open radial cell, radial cell being 2.2 times as long as wide, pronotal carinae absent, propodeal carinae present forming a plate, rhinaria and club shaped begin in F4, pedicel-F4 subequal in length.According with these features there is no other Alloxysta similar to A. rufiventris.
Redescription.Co lor ation.Head dark yellow in female and yellowish brown in male, mesosoma and metasoma yellowish brown in both sexes.Scape, pedicel and F1 to F3 yellow, F4 to F12 brown.Legs yellow; veins yellowish, almost transparent.
H ead .Not available for study because specimen has been glued with head down.An tenna .Female with 13 filiform antennomeres.All antennomeres covered with sparse setae.F1 to F3 thinner and smoother than remaining flagellomeres, F4 to F11 with rhinaria and club shaped.Pedicel 1.7 times as long as wide; F1 2.5 times, F2 2.5 times, F3 2.5 times, and F4 1.7 times as long as their width respectively.Pedicel to F11 subequal in length (Fig. 14e).Male without antennae.
Mesosoma.Pronotum covered by setae, being less abundant on posterodorsal margins and central area; without carinae (Fig. 14c).Mesoscutum smooth and shiny, round in dorsal view with few scattered setae.Scutellum smooth and shiny, with few scattered setae being more abundant on apex of scutellum.Propodeum entirely covered by setae, with two carinae forming thick plate, with few setae on top and sides very slightly curved (Figs 14f & 16b).
Fo rew ing .Longer than body, 1.1 times as long as mesosoma and metasoma together, covered with dense pubescence, marginal setae present (Fig. 14a).Radial cell partially open, 2.2 times as long as wide.R1 very short and straight; Rs longer and curved.(Fig. 14b).
Me ta so ma .Proximal part with an incomplete ring of setae, this ring glabrous medially, wider laterally.Distal part of metasoma smooth and shiny.Terga clearly visible.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Alloxysta aperta: a -forewing of male, b -radial cell of female, c -radial cell of male, d -antenna of female, e -pronotum of female, f -propodeum of female, g -body of female, h -body of male.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Alloxysta leunisii: a -radial cell of female, b -radial cell of male, c -pronotum of female, d -propodeum of female, e -antenna of male, f -antenna of female, g -body of female, h -head of female.

Fig. 9 .
Fig.9.Alloxysta melanogaster: a -radial cell of female, b -radial cell of male, c -antenna of female, d -pronotum of male;, e -propodeum of male, f -body of male, g -antenna of male.

Fig. 10 .
Fig. 10.Alloxysta obscurata: a -radial cell of male, b -radial cell of female, c -pronotum of female, d -propodeum of female, e -body of female, f -antenna of female, g -antenna of male.
Type material.
Type material.

Table 1 .
Changes in the species names related with Alloxysta fulviceps and Alloxysta castanea.

Table 2 .
Summary of new host data discovered during the study of the Charipinae species deposited in the Zoologische Staatssammlung Museum. http://rcin.org.pl