Re-Os and UPb Geochronology of the Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko Deposits , Bayaguana District , Dominican Republic : Looking Down for the Porphyry Cu-Mo Roots of the Pueblo Viejo-Type Mineralization in the Island-Arc Tholeiitic Series of the Caribbean *

Hosted in the Early Cretaceous bimodal tholeiite volcanic series of the Los Ranchos Formation, the Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko deposits in the Bayaguana district represent significant Au, Cu, and Ag resources in the Cordillera Oriental of the Dominican Republic. At Doña Amanda, a dense stockwork of quartz-sulfide veins is hosted by volcanic rocks with intense transitional phyllic-advanced argillic and silicic hydrothermal alteration assemblages, indicating a high-sulfidation environment. Wavy quartz veins with central sutures and rims of pyrite + enargite + molybdenite + fahlore (B veins) are cut by planar quartz-pyrite D veins. Primary fluid inclusions in quartz from B veins (Th: 160°–>400°C; salinity: 7.9–16.4 wt % NaCl equiv) are interpreted as porphyry-type fluids. Inclusion fluids in quartz of quartz-pyrite veins (Th: 125°–175°C; salinity: 4.8–12.2 wt % NaCl equiv), quartz from silicic altered wall rocks (Th: 150°–175°C; salinity: 8.3–13.9 wt % NaCl equiv), and late, distal calcite veins (Th: 120°–160°C; salinity: 5.0–13.3 wt % NaCl equiv) indicate limited mixing with more dilute fluids and rule out mixing with fresh meteoric water. In Cerro Kiosko, a swarm of fault-controlled massive chalcopyrite + enargite + bornite + fahlore D veins and lodes are hosted by rocks with pervasive kaolinite alteration after sericite. δ34S values of vein sulfides from both deposits are all close to –2‰ and consistent with a predominance of magmatic sulfur and sulfide deposition from an oxidizing magmatic fluid. These data are consistent with a transitional environment between a deeper porphyry Cu(-Mo) and an overlying high-sulfidation epithermal deposit. An Re-Os age (112.6 ± 0.4 Ma) for molybdenite from the Doña Amanda deposit places the porphyry-epithermal mineralization as Early Cretaceous, coeval with the Los Ranchos Formation host rocks and with the Pueblo Viejo deposit. New sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U-Pb ages on zircons from plagioclase-phyric rhyolite domes in the Bayaguana district are consistent with porphyry–high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization occurring along the Los Ranchos Formation during tonalite batholith emplacement in the basaltic island-arc basement at ca. 118 to 112 Ma and finalization of felsic volcanism at ca. 110 to 107 Ma.


Introduction
Extensive exploration since the early 1970s for precious and base metals in Cretaceous volcanic and volcanosedimentary series along the Cordillera Central-Massif du Nord (as defined by Lewis and Draper, 1990) and the Cordillera Oriental of Hispaniola Island (Dominican Republic and Haiti) has revealed the existence of major mineral resources (Kesler et al., 1990;Nelson et al., 2011).The Cordillera Central contains the world-class Pueblo Viejo Au-Ag-Cu deposit, with 8,960,000 oz Au of proven and probable reserves and a reported production of 572,000 oz Au in 2015 (Barrick, 2015), and also the Cerro de Maimón Au-Ag-Cu (Lewis et al., 2000;Torró et al., 2016) and Falcondo Ni (Nelson et al., 2011;Aiglsperger et al., 2016) deposits.With the resumption of operations at Pueblo Viejo in 2012 by Barrick-Goldcorp Inc., the Dominican Republic is becoming a major gold producer (Redwood, 2014(Redwood, , 2015)).Continued mining exploration, mainly for gold, is leading to new discoveries such as the Romero and Romero South deposits, with indicated resources of 2.4 Moz Au equiv (GoldQuest, 2015;Román-Alday et al., 2015), and a 2-Moz Au inferred resource at Candelones (Unigold, 2015).
The Bayaguana district, about 65 km northeast of Santo Domingo (Fig. 1), contains the most promising, albeit poorly understood, metallic mineralization in the Cordillera Oriental of the Dominican Republic.Perilya-CORMIDOM has developed extensive exploration programs that followed previous efforts commenced by the Dominican Mining Department (Dirección General de Minería) and Falconbridge Ltd. in the 1980s and 1990s.Inferred resources include Cerro Kiosko (2.8 Mt at 2.2 g/t Au, 4.7 g/t Ag, 0.6% Cu) and Doña Amanda (54.62 Mt at 0.37% Cu, 0.23 g/t Au, 1.42 g/t Ag); other noted occurrences are at Doña Loretta (24.14 m at 2.03% Cu, 0.39 g/t Au, 4.55 g/t Ag; 15.25 m at 1.09% Cu, 0.20 g/t Au, 1.82 g/t Ag) and intercepts in the Loma Guaymarote basin (e.g., 6.35 m at 1.37 g/t Au; Chénard, 2006;Perilya, 2015).The rocks hosting these ores in Perilya's concessions in Bayaguana are part of the Early Cretaceous Los Ranchos Formation, renowned for hosting the Pueblo Viejo (Moore, Monte Negro, and Monte Oculto deposits) district (Fig. 1).
Although it is widely accepted that Pueblo Viejo mineralization was coeval with bimodal tholeiitic volcanism and epiclastic sedimentation of the Los Ranchos Formation (Kesler et al., 2005a, b;Mueller et al., 2008;Kirk et al., 2014;Nelson et al., 2015), an Early Cretaceous age has not been universally acknowledged (e.g., Sillitoe et al., 2006Sillitoe et al., , 2007)).Controversies over the origin of the Pueblo Viejo deposit (cf.Nelson et al., 2011Nelson et al., , 2015) ) have caused notable confusion for geologists engaged in exploration of the Los Ranchos Formation.Kesler et al. (2005b) and Kirk et al. (2014) noted that the association between the Pueblo Viejo deposit and primitive tholeiitic magmatism in the Caribbean island arc makes it questionable as to whether these magmas were capable of forming multiple epithermal deposits, or whether Pueblo Viejo should be regarded as an isolated anomaly, making further exploration unlikely to be successful.With that in mind, we evaluate the formation of the ore deposits hosted by the Los Ranchos Formation by assessing their relationships to regional-scale features.New whole-rock geochemical data are provided for the ore-hosting volcanic rocks.Mineralization at Doña Amanda and felsic domes in the Bayaguana district have been dated by means of Re-Os (molybdenite) and U-Pb (zircon) techniques, respectively.The mineralogy (ore, gangue, and alteration), sulfur isotopes, and the thermochemical characteristics of mineralizing fluids in the deposits of the Bayaguana district are assessed to help develop a genetic model.These results are combined to provide local and regional exploration guidelines and insights into the Caribbean island arc evolution.

Geologic Setting
Located on the northern margin of the Caribbean plate, Hispaniola Island is a tectonic collage of mantle and crustal units resulting from the WSW-to SW-directed oblique convergence of the continental margin of the North American plate with the Circum-Caribbean island arc since the Eocene (Lewis and Draper, 1990;Boschman et al., 2014;Lidiak and Anderson, 2015).The Bayaguana concessions (named, from west to east, La Hiena, Bayajá, and Los Mameyes) cover approximately 7,200 hectares of the Early Cretaceous Los  Toloczyki and Ramirez (1991).
Ranchos Formation in its eastern extension in the Cordillera Oriental, about 70 km to the east-southeast of the Pueblo Viejo deposit (Fig. 1).The Los Ranchos Formation, together with the Maimón and Amina formations, records the oldest and chemically most primitive island-arc volcanism in the Caribbean region (Lewis and Draper, 1990;Kesler et al., 1991;Lewis et al., 2002;Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006, 2007).They constitute the basement in central Hispaniola.Boninitic and tholeiitic magmatism in these formations and other equivalent units in the Greater Antilles are commonly grouped as the primitive island-arc magmatic suite, deposited at ca. 135 to 110 Ma.Boninitic and tholeiitic magmatism, in general, predates the more voluminous calc-alkaline magmatic suite formed between ca.95 and 45 Ma (Lidiak and Anderson, 2015, and references therein).Subduction of the North American plate beneath the Greater Antilles island-arc and related arc magmatism ceased in Hispaniola in the Eocene with the collision of the arc and the Bahamas Platform (Mann et al., 1991;Boschman et al., 2014).In the eastern Cordillera Central, transpressional WNW-ESE faults accommodated arc-continent collision in Hispaniola and juxtaposed the arcrelated Los Ranchos, Maimón, Peralvillo, and Río Verde formations with Caribbean-derived mantle peridotites of Loma Caribe (Marchesi et al., 2016, and references therein) and Caribbean-Colombian oceanic plateau enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORB) represented by the Duarte, Siete Cabezas, and Pelona-Pico Duarte formations (Fig. 1; Escuder-Viruete et al., 2008).

Los Ranchos Formation
The Los Ranchos Formation crops out as an arched, 100-kmlong belt that extends from the Hatillo reservoir (Cotuí-Pueblo Viejo area) eastward to the south shore of Samaná Bay (Fig. 1; Kesler et al., 1991).It is composed of a volcanic pile of Early Cretaceous bimodal volcanic, volcaniclastic, and minor sedimentary rocks with a stratigraphic thickness of >3 km at Pueblo Viejo (Bowin, 1966;Kesler et al., 1991;Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006, 2007).The volcanic sequence was intruded by tonalite batholiths and diorite to gabbro plutons and dikes of apparent Paleocene age, particularly in the Cordillera Oriental area, as mapped by the European SYSMIN Project-L (Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006).In the Cevicos-Miches area, Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006, 2007) subdivided the Los Ranchos Formation into (1) a lower basaltic unit dominated by spilitized volcanic breccias and flows with local pillow lavas and interbedded fine volcaniclastic rocks, (2) an intermediate rhyodacitic unit composed of dacite to rhyolite flows, brecciated volcanic domes, and minor felsic tuffs, and (3) an upper basaltic unit composed of massive flows of basalt to andesite, autoclastic breccias, and synvolcanic gabbros locally overlain by dacitic to rhyolitic flows and domes and associated autoclastic breccias (Fig. 2B).The Los Ranchos Formation in the Pueblo Viejo area was described by Kesler et al. (1991) as (1) the basal Cotuí Member, characterized by spilitic pillow lavas and lava flows, (2) the Quita Sueño Member, consisting largely of keratophyric acid flows and minor tuffs and shallow intrusions, (3) the Meladito fragmental member, with a complex stratigraphy including very coarse grained debris flows that grade upward to lithic and bedded tuffs, and (4) the Platanal spilite member, composed of spilitized mafic flows (without pillows) and minor volcaniclastic breccias.The Meladito and Platanal members are cut by (5) the Zambrana fragmental member, interpreted to have formed in a phreatomagmatic eruption in an emergent volcano (Kesler et al., 1991), and (6) the Pueblo Viejo Member, which hosts the bulk of the ores at Pueblo Viejo and is composed of volcanogenic and terrestrial sediments with Early Cretaceous plant fossils (Russell and Kesler, 1991;Smiley, 2002).The Pueblo Viejo sedimentary rocks were intruded by (7) andesite to dacite porphyritic domes and dikes (Nelson, 2000;Mueller et al., 2008).Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006, 2007) described basalts of the basal unit as boninites and light rare earth element (LREE)depleted island-arc tholeiites, with normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and TiO2 contents markedly different from those of basalts from the upper unit, identified as normal island-arc tholeiites.Low-K and near-flat normalized REE patterns of acid rocks from the intermediate unit determined their tholeiitic affinity and the possibility that they formed as a product of secondary melting at the base of the early arc crust.Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006) concluded that the Los Ranchos Formation records the subduction zone initiation in the Caribbean island arc, and that the upper basalts formed after the subsequent establishment of the volcanic front, simultaneously with the shallowing of the arc volcanic and volcanosedimentary edifice.
The age of the Los Ranchos Formation was first constrained to ca. 130 to 110 Ma through Pb isotope ratios on 17 rock samples by Cumming et al. (1982) and Cumming and Kesler (1987).This range was largely coincident with the Early Cretaceous ages proposed by Smiley (2002) from the study of terrestrial fossil plants, and the middle Aptian to middle Albian age by Bowin (1966) for marine fossils, both in the upper levels of the Los Ranchos Formation.Bellon et al. (1985) obtained a K-Ar age of 112.4 ± 11 Ma for a basalt sample of the Los Ranchos Formation at El Seibo, in the Eastern Peninsula (formerly identified as the El Seibo unit).Kesler et al. (2005a) reported U-Pb ages of 113.9 ± 0.8 or 118.6 ± 0.5 Ma (depending on interpretation of the data) for a quartz-feldspar porphyry from the Quita Sueño Member, and an age of 110.9 ± 0.8 Ma for a quartz-porphyry fragmental rock in the Pueblo Viejo Member.The Cotuí stock intruded at 111.8 ± 0.6 or 112.9 ± 0.9 Ma (Kesler et al., 2005a).Quartz porphyries in the upper Los Ranchos Formation yielded a U-Pb zircon age of 111.4 ± 0.5 Ma (Kesler et al., 2005b), which is largely coincident with the age of intrusion of the Cotuí stock.Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006, 2007) obtained a U-Pb zircon age of 116.0 ± 0.8 Ma from a porphyritic rhyodacite from the intermediate rhyodacitic unit in Bayaguana, close to the Doña Loretta prospect, and 115.5 ± 0.3 Ma for a tonalite from the Zambrana batholith, which intruded the Los Ranchos Formation in the Cotuí-Maimón area.In addition, these authors reported 40 Ar/ 39 Ar plateau ages for hornblende in tonalites mostly in the 109 to 106 Ma range and interpreted them as final cooling ages.Mueller et al. (2008) obtained a U-Pb age at 109.6 ± 0.6 Ma for the youngest zircon population from an intermineralization andesite porphyry dike in the Pueblo Viejo deposit.The age of the Los Ranchos Formation is further constrained by the overlying Hatillo Formation, composed of clastic deposits at its base, which grade upward to a massive micritic reef sequence that was deposited in shallow-water conditions during Albian time (Russell and Kesler, 1991;Kesler et al., 2005a, b;Myczynski and Iturralde-Vinent, 2005).Invertebrate fauna at the base of the Hatillo Formation was dated as late lower Albian by Myczynski and Iturralde-Vinent (2005).The deposition of the Hatillo Formation could be partly coeval with the last stages of magmatism of the Los Ranchos Formation and with ore deposition at Pueblo Viejo, based on the occurrence of hydrothermal alteration at the base of the Hatillo Formation identified by Sillitoe et al. (2006;cf. Kirk et al., 2014;Nelson et al., 2015).(Kesler et al., 1991), the Cevicos-Miches area (Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006), and the Bayaguana district (this study).IAT = island-arc tholeiite.

Geology of the Bayaguana district
of volcanic and sedimentary rock units.Massive flows of plagioclase-and moderately pyroxene-phyric, sparsely amygdaloidal, locally pillowed basalts and minor hyaloclastites are grouped into the lower basaltic unit.This unit crops out extensively in the western portion of the study area (Fig. 2A).Drill core intersections indicate that it extends for >15 km farther east, to the Loma Guaymarote prospect, and underlies the felsic and the upper basaltic andesite and andesite units.Interstratified basaltic fine tuffs in the lower basaltic unit are consolidated, thinly bedded horizons that are up to 50 m thick.The upper basaltic and andesitic unit is composed of massive dark green plagioclase-and pyroxene-phyric basaltic andesite and andesite flows with minor lateral autobreccias and local massive to stratified crystal-rich volcanic breccias.This unit crops out widely in the westernmost sector of the concessions, in fault contact with the lower basaltic unit, but is more restricted in the central part of the district (Fig. 2A).As observed in drill cores, the upper basaltic and andesitic unit is >400 m thick.
Large volumes of felsic-intermediate volcanic deposits are the most abundant host rocks in the Bayaguana district.They have been mapped as massive lava flows, domes, reworked pyroclastic aprons, breccias, and tuffs that intruded and covered the lower basaltic unit basement.Plagioclase-phyric rhyolite flows and domes crop out in the western and, more abundantly, in the eastern sectors of the district.Rhyolite lava flows and coherent cores of domes contain abundant coarsegrained quartz-, medium-grained plagioclase-, and finegrained pyroxene-phyric textures in a microcrystalline quartz groundmass.These rocks have been affected by intense silicic, phyllic, and argillic alteration.Massive plagioclase-phyric rhyolite flows and domes are visible as smooth hillocks.The domes are spatially restricted and commonly exhibit lateral carapaces or aprons of partially reworked autobreccias and lithic or crystal tuffs (Fig. 2).Compacted felsic lithic and crystal tuffs with moderate argillic alteration are distributed widely in the western sector of the district, where they overlie the rhyolite flows.The volcanic series is overlain by up to 200 m of volcanogenic sedimentary deposits with dm-sized basalt, plagioclase-phyric rhyolite, and felsic tuff fragments in a coarse crystal-and lithicrich matrix.This unit is commonly intersected by drilling in the central and eastern areas of the district.
In the Loma Guaymarote area, there is a ~3-km-long and 2.4-km-wide Early Cretaceous sedimentary basin (i.e., about four times the size of an equivalent basin in the Pueblo Viejo district), which is up to 241 m thick (Fig. 2).Volcanogenic and terrigenous sedimentary rocks of the upper Los Ranchos Formation (i.e., the Pueblo Viejo Member) record lateral changes of facies from lithic conglomerates with felsic volcanic rock fragments to quartz sandstones to sandy siltstones and local carbonaceous mudstones.Sedimentary rocks generally overlie or are in fault contact with plagioclase-phyric rhyolite massive flows and volcanogenic breccias.They have been intruded by plagioclase-phyric rhyolite domes and are locally interstratified with dome autobreccias and lithic-tuff aprons.Micritic, reefal Hatillo limestones, an important marker bed along the Los Ranchos belt (Mczynski and Iturralde-Vinent, 2005), overlie the rocks of the sedimentary basin.
The Doña Amanda deposit (Fig. 2) consists of a ~100-mthick supergene enrichment blanket (chalcocite and covellite) that overlies strongly silicified and mineralized felsic pyroclastic rocks intruded by plagioclase-phyric rhyolite at depth.Its hypogene mineralization is composed of a dense stockwork of quartz-sulfide Cu-Mo veins and includes sulfide disseminations.The Cerro Kiosko deposit (Fig. 2) consists of a 1.25to 22-m-thick, ~1,100-m-long, and ~400-m-deep tabular quartz-sulfide vein swarm hosted by silicic-altered basaltic andesites and andesites of the upper unit, and also includes sulfide disseminations.The vein swarm is composed of stringers and massive sulfide lodes largely controlled by NW-striking normal faults that dip ~60° to the southwest (Chénard, 2006).Other areas of mineralization in the Bayaguana district include the Doña Loretta prospect, which contains broad zones of silicic and argillic alteration of the volcanic rocks, and the Loma Guaymarote prospect, a sulfide-bearing stockwork that overprints argillic-altered sedimentary rocks of the upper Los Ranchos Formation.

Volcanic Lithogeochemistry
Igneous rocks from the Maimón and Los Ranchos formations are considered to be representative of the most primitive island-arc tholeiite magmatic series in the Caribbean region (Lidiak and Anderson, 2015).Lithogeochemical datasets including major and trace element compositions of volcanic rocks from the Maimón Formation were generated by Lewis et al. (2000Lewis et al. ( , 2002) ) and Torró et al. (2017, in press), whereas only Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006) have previously generated data for the Los Ranchos Formation.The genetic correlation between these two formations is still a matter of debate.Escuder-Viruete et al. (2007), for example, advocated for the formation of both units in an equivalent position in the arc-forearc portion because of their similar geochemical signatures.On the other hand, the occurrence of porphyryepithermal mineralization in the Los Ranchos Formation, in stark contrast to volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) mineralization hosted in the Maimón Formation, led other authors to envisage different positions of formation for both units (e.g., Nelson et al., 2011;Torró et al., 2016).In order to better assess similarities and differences between the lithogeochemistry of rocks from both formations and to judge the geochemical affinity of the mineralization hosts, we report new, unpublished data on volcanic rocks from the Los Ranchos Formation in the Bayaguana area.This study is based on 51 rock samples.Selected rock samples are representative of massive flows from the lower basaltic unit, rhyolites from the intermediate unit, and basaltic andesites and andesites from the upper unit.Major, minor, and trace elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; 4A and 4B packages; lithium borate fusion) at ACME Labs, Vancouver, Canada, and at the Centro de Instrumentación Científica of the University of Granada, Spain (see Torró et al., 2016, for technical details).Representative analyses of the different lithotypes are presented in Table 1 and are described below.
Rocks of the Los Ranchos Formation have undergone extensive seafloor metamorphism (forming spilites and keratophyres; e.g., Kesler et al., 1991;Lewis et al., 2002;Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006).In addition, in the Bayaguana and Pueblo Viejo districts, most rocks have intense hydrothermal alteration associated with the formation of the ore deposits (e.g., Kesler Concentrations of oxides are given in wt %; other data are in ppm; IAT = island-arc tholeiite; LOTI = low-Ti tholeiite 1 Lab.refers to the two labs where the chemical analyses were done; ACME Labs = ACME Laboratories, Vancouver, Canada; CICUGR = Centro de Instrumentacion Cientifica of the University of Granada 2 DDH refers to the diamond drill holes from which the samples were collected; surface samples are identified as "outcrop" 3 For DDH samples, elevation (m.a.s.l.) and coordinates refer to the location of collars, and azimuth and elevation refer to the drill core orientation and inclination; UTM zone 19 (NAD27 for US); all analyzed samples are in the Bayaguana (6272-II) 1:50,000 sheet  , 1981;Chénard, 2006;Mueller et al., 2008;Arribas et al., 2011;Torró et al., 2013;Nelson et al., 2015).As a result, the concentrations of a number of mobile elements (e.g., Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Rb, Ba, Sr) are likely to have changed due to alteration.In order to assess hydrothermal alteration trends, the Ishikawa, the chlorite-carbonate-pyrite, and the advanced argillic alteration indexes (Large et al., 2001;Williams and Davidson, 2004) were calculated for each analysis (Table 1).Alteration box plots using the bivariate combination of these indexes (see Large et al., 2001;Williams and Davidson, 2004) indicate that analyzed rocks register chlorite + pyrite ± muscovite and chlorite + carbonate (i.e., propylitic), transitional muscovite + kaolinite (i.e., transitional phyllic-argillic), kaolinite + pyrophyllite (i.e., argillic), and quartz (i.e., silicic) alterations.In addition, some analyses yielded trends toward epidote and to albite alteration, likely indicating processes of cationic exchange of the hot magmas with the seawater in the seafloor (i.e., seafloor metamorphism; see Gilgen et al., 2016).Therefore, only those elements that are considered relatively immobile under mild hydrothermal alteration (high field strength elements [HFSEs], REEs, transition elements, and Th; Pearce, 2014) are used here for igneous rock classification and tectonic discrimination.To ensure the representativeness of the immobile element concentrations, rocks with geochemical evidence for changes in their masses (including both gains and losses) were discarded, resulting in the final selection of 25 whole-rock analyses (out of 51).
According to the Zr/Ti vs. Nb/Y classification diagram of Pearce (1996), compositions span from subalkaline basalts to rhyolites, with no bimodal behavior (Fig. 3).The normalized extended REE diagrams (Fig. 4) identify the host volcanic rocks of the Bayaguana area as basalts, basaltic andesites, andesites, and rhyolites.All these lithotypes show marked negative Nb and positive Th anomalies when normalized to normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (NMORB; Fig. 4A-D).
Andesites (TiO2 between 0.37 and 0.70 wt %; Cr between 6.84 and 13.68 ppm; Zr between 42.8 and 108.5 ppm) studied from the Bayaguana district present general enrichment in LREEs and both enrichment and depletion in MREEs and HREEs to NMORB.Normalized diagrams show nearflat segments for MREEs and HREEs and negative slopes for LREEs (Fig. 4C).
Rhyolites (TiO2 between 0.14 and 0.36 wt %; Al2O3 between 10.44 and 12.74 wt %; Cr between 4.98 and 6.84 ppm; Zr between 87.1 and 203.7 ppm) from the Los Ranchos Formation in the Bayaguana area show near-flat to slightly LREE enriched or, in those samples with lower REE contents, even convex REE patterns (Fig. 4D).Analyzed rhyolites have negative Eu anomalies.

Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization
Mineralogical determinations were carried out by means of petrographic methods, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS; Quanta 200 FEI, XTE 325/D8395 equipped with an INCA Energy 250 EDS microanalysis system), and X-ray diffraction (XRD; Panalytical X'Pert PRO MPD).Petrographic features of representative samples are shown in Figures 5 and 6, and the paragenetic sequence is provided in Figure 7.The chemical compositions of minerals were determined with a five-channel JEOL JXA-8230 electron microprobe (EMP; analytical conditions described in Torró et al., 2016).All analyses were performed at the Centres Científics i Tecnològics (CCiT) of the University of Barcelona.Representative analyses on the composition of enargite and tetrahedrite group minerals are shown in Table 2.

Doña Amanda
Hydrothermal alteration in the Doña Amanda deposit produced an outer domain of propylitic altered rocks that grades  (Pearce, 1996, after Winchester andFloyd, 1977) for analyzed volcanic rocks from the Los Ranchos Formation in the Bayaguana area.Fields of mafic and felsic volcanic rocks from the Los Ranchos Formation in the Cevicos-Miches area (Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006, 2014) and intermediate volcanic rocks from the Maimón Formation (Torró et al., 2016, in press) are shown for comparison.IAT = island-arc tholeiite, LOTI = low-Ti tholeiite.inward and downward to rocks that have undergone incipient phyllic alteration.This passes inward to an intermediate argillic alteration assemblage, a transitional phyllic-advanced argillic assemblage, and a silicic-altered core, the latter two with abundant sulfide disseminations.Propylitic alteration has caused chlorite alteration of pyroxene phenocrysts.The propylitically altered rocks host mm-thick veins of calcite ± quartz in the upper part of the deposit.Phyllic alteration has caused incipient replacement of plagioclase phenocrysts by fine-grained muscovite.The transitional phyllic-argillic alteration assemblage is composed primarily of kaolinite but, in the main mineralized zone, also contains pyrophyllite and several alunite supergroup minerals (Fig. 5B-D, K) that have replaced muscovite.Subhedral tabular to platy crystals of natroalunite occur as irregular replacements of woodhouseite (Fig. 5B, C).Individual platy to anhedral crystals of woodhouseite have been replaced by svanbergite and by crystals with intermediate compositions between woodhouseite and weilerite, some with Ca-rich compositions (Fig. 5B).The silicic-altered core is composed of massive quartz and, locally, vuggy quartz, with lesser amounts of alunite supergroup minerals.Silicic alteration obliterated the original mineralogy and textures of the rock.Quartz, kaolinite ± pyrite, and woodhouseite veins crosscut the silicic-altered core and advanced argillic alteration assemblages (Fig. 5D).

Cerro Kiosko
At Cerro Kiosko, an outer extensive domain of moderateintensity propylitic alteration grades inward and downward to narrower domains of phyllic and intermediate argillic alteration.Propylitic alteration caused chlorite to replace clinopyroxenes and the glassy matrix, and produced thin veinlets of chlorite and albite alteration of plagioclase.Phyllic alteration caused fine-grained muscovite to replace plagioclase and parts of the groundmass.In intermediate argillic zones, fine-grained quartz and kaolinite pervasively altered the volcanic rocks so that no original textural features are recognizable.Fine-grained pyrite dissemination     increased markedly (>50% modal) along with the degree of silicic and kaolinite alteration.Cu (± Ag ± Au) mineralization produced 0.5-to ~30-cmthick massive sulfide stage 1 veins and lodes within strongly quartz altered host rocks.The thickest veins have multiple internal growth bands (Fig. 6).Stage 1 caused hydrofracturing of the previously altered host rocks and cementation of the fragments by pyrite (Fig. 6A).Although not common, quartz fragments are locally cemented by fahlore (Fig. 6B).Stage 2 is Cu rich (Fig. 6A, B) and consists of an initial pyrite-rich substage and a later substage with abundant Cu-bearing sulfides.Pyrite grains show evidence both of comminution, mostly along the borders of the veins, and corrosion, associated with replacement by chalcopyrite (Fig. 6C), enargite, and fahlore (Fig. 6D).The main Cu-rich substage contains chalcopyrite, bornite-idaite, and enargite, in which enargite and borniteidaite were replaced by fahlore (Fig. 6E).The occurrence of crustiform interspersed enargite-, fahlore-, and chalcopyriterich mm-sized layers is common (Fig. 6B, C).In fahlore-rich layers, exsolutions of chalcopyrite along the {100} directions of bornite are conspicuous (Fig. 6E).Exsolution textures include patchy, wormy, and less abundantly coarsened cell textures (cf.Durazzo and Taylor, 1982).Fahlore is chemically heterogeneous.Tennantite has been locally altered to tetrahedrite (Fig. 8; Table 2) and a late generation of chalcopyrite (Fig. 6F).Goldfieldite, minor galena, scarce altaite (PbTe), undetermined Ag tellurides, calaverite (AuTe2), and native gold (Au>>Ag) line vugs left by corrosion of tennantite and pyrite (Fig. 6F-H).Gold and calaverite grains (and Au grades) are concentrated in bornite-rich zones of the deposit.Vugs in vein cores and lodes have been filled by late calcite (Fig. 6B).

Sulfur Isotopes
The isotope composition of sulfur has been determined from 21 sulfide samples that include pure separates (n = 16) and mixtures (n = 5) from Doña Amanda (n = 8) and Cerro Kiosko (n = 13).Sulfide grains were separated by handpicking under petrographic microscope to ensure their purity.Mixtures were used only in cases where fine mineral intergrowths precluded the extraction of pure separates (not ideal, but used widely in preliminary studies; e.g., Imai, 2001).Isotopic ratios were obtained using a Delta C Finnigan MAT Delta-S mass spectrometer with an elemental analyzer at the Centres Científics i Tecnològics of the University of Barcelona.Standards for calibration were IAEA S3, IAEA S1, NBS-123, and IAEA S2.Precision of the analyses is better than ±0.2‰.Sulfur isotope compositions are expressed as the delta ‰ deviation from the Canyon Diablo Troilite standard.The obtained δ 34 S values are summarized in Table 3 and Figure 9.In Doña Amanda, samples were selected from several wavy quartz Cu + Mo sulfide and planar pyrite ± quartz veins.δ 34 S values range between -7.9 and -0.1‰, with a median value at -3.6‰, including six pyrite samples (-4.6 to -2.7‰), a molybdenite sample (-0.1‰), and a mixture of enargite and tennantite (-7.9‰).In Cerro Kiosko, samples were selected from massive sulfide Cu veins and lodes.δ 34 S values range between -5.3 and +0.9‰, with a median value at -2.6‰, including six pyrite samples (-3.0 to -1.8‰), two chalcopyrite samples (-1.2 to -1.0‰), a tennantite sample (0.9‰), three mixtures of enargite and tennantite (-5.3 to -3.6‰), and a mixture of enargite and bornite (-3.6‰).Most δ 34 S values are preferentially distributed around -2.0‰.The highest δ 34 S values correspond to a tennantite sample from Cerro Kiosko and molybdenite from Doña Amanda.In contrast, enargitebearing mixtures yield the lowest δ 34 S values.

Fluid Inclusions
Petrographic and microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions were carried out on doubly polished sections (100-150 μm thick) from Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko (seven and three samples, respectively).In the case of Cerro Kiosko, white quartz-altered clasts, such as those shown in Figure 6A and B, were studied; however, the extremely scarce and minute (<1 μm) nature of the fluid inclusions prevented any textural observations or measurements.At Doña Amanda, fluid inclusions in calcite and quartz are scarce and small (3-15 μm in diameter).Calcite samples were obtained from centimeter-wide veins associated with propylitic-altered spilites at shallow levels to the top of the mineralized area.Primary fluid inclusions in quartz were studied in samples from quartz-sulfide veins and from the massive quartz-altered host rocks in the main mineralized zones (Fig. 5A).Only samples with no textural evidence for recrystallization of quartz were used.The analyzed primary inclusions are liquid rich (degree of filling between 0.80 and 0.98), homogenize into a liquid phase, and contain no immiscible liquids or daughter crystals (Fig. 10A, B).Fluid inclusions are negative crystal shaped or elongated, the former being much more abundant in calcite (Fig. 10B).Inclusions occur as isolated random distributions or small clusters.Evidence for necking or leakage is scant, and no other posttrapping phenomena have been observed.
Microthermometric studies on fluid inclusions from the Doña Amanda deposit were carried out using a Linkam THMSG600 heating-freezing stage.Calibration runs using synthetic fluid inclusions show that the measurements are accurate to ±0.2°C during freezing and to ±2°C during heating runs.Salinities were calculated by entering freezing point depression temperatures in the SALTY software of Bodnar et al. (1989) and Bodnar (1993).The results of microthermometric studies are summarized in Figure 10C, Table 4, and Appendix A. Inclusion fluids in quartz from stage 1 central sutured quartz-sulfide Cu-Mo veins (Fig. 5A) have homogenization temperatures (Th) between 160° and >400°C and ice melting temperatures (Tmice) between -5.0° and -12.5°C, which correspond to calculated salinities between 7.9 and 16.4 wt % NaCl equiv.Inclusions in quartz from massive sulfide planar veins (Fig. 5E) have Th between 125° and 175°C and Tmice between -2.9° and -8.4°C, which correspond to calculated salinities between 4.8 and 12.2 wt % NaCl equiv.Minute and scarce inclusions found in quartz of the massively silicified hosts have Th between 152° and 261°C and Tmice values between -0.9° and -10.0°C, which correspond to calculated salinities between 1.6 and 13.9 wt % NaCl equiv.Inclusions in calcite have Th between 119° and 162°C and Tmice between -3.0 and -9.4°C, which correspond to calculated salinities between 5.0 and 13.3 wt % NaCl equiv.

Molybdenite Re-Os age
Molybdenite was extracted from a selected piece of drill core using a small handheld drill to create a powdered separate.
The molybdenite was equilibrated with a mixed Re-double Os spike using a Carius tube dissolution (Markey et al., 2003).The double Os spike permits a correction for Os mass fractionation and will reveal any common Os.Re and Os isotope ratios were measured on a Triton TIMS machine at the AIRIE Program, Colorado State University.The analyzed molybdenite sample from the Doña Amanda deposit was collected from the DA-23-11 drill hole at a depth of 199.0 m and yielded an age of 112.6 ± 0.4 Ma.Details on analytical results are presented in Table 5.

Zircon U-Pb ages
Five rock samples from newly mapped outcrops of plagioclase-phyric rhyolite domes that intruded terrigenous and The position of the analyzed minerals in terms of timing of deposit formation is shown in Figure 7. Data are represented for each occurrence type as fields covering all individual measurements.These data are compared with typical ranges for inclusions from Kuroko, epithermal, Sn-W, and porphyry deposit types as compiled by Wilkinson (2001).Right: Histogram and frequency curve of temperature of homogenization (above) and salinity (below) data for fluid inclusions from the Doña Amanda deposit.B1 of Appendix B. Zircon crystals were separated using panning in water.Nonmagnetic concentrates, after eliminating the magnetic fractions with a Frantz ® isodynamic LB-1separator, were processed by applying the hydroseparation technique (HS) at the HS-11 laboratory of the University of Barcelona to obtain high-density mineral concentrates.The resulting nonmagnetic, high-density concentrates went through batches of acid digestion in open bombs with combinations of HF, HCl, and HNO3.Zircons were handpicked under the binocular microscope.Once mounted and polished, zircon grains were studied by optical and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and analyzed for U-Pb using a sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) IIe/mc ion microprobe at the IBERSIMS Laboratory of the University of Granada, Spain.The analytical method follows that of Williams and Claesson (1987).Uranium concentration was calibrated using the SL13 reference zircon (U: 238 ppm).The U/Pb ratios were calibrated using the TEMORA-1 reference zircon (417 Ma; Black et al., 2003), which was measured every four unknowns.Common lead was corrected from the measured 204 Pb/ 206 Pb, using the model of terrestrial Pb evolution of Cumming and Richards (1975).SHRIMP results and CL images of the analyzed zircons are presented in Appendix B. The extracted zircon grains are clear, colorless transparent to pale yellow translucent, stubby to square prismatic, with short pyramidal terminations and aspect ratios of ~1.5 to 2.5 and lengths of ~75 to 150 μm.CL images reveal complex oscillatory zoning in most of the zircons.Eight spot analyses on six zircon grains from sample BA-2014-1 yielded concordant 206 Pb/ 238 U ages that range between 122.7 ± 1.9 and 112.8 ± 2.1 Ma, with a weighted mean of 118.1 ± 2.6 Ma (mean square weighted deviation [MSWD] = 2.94; Fig. 11A).Forty-two spot analyses on 34 zircon grains from sample BA-2014-2 yielded concordant 206 Pb/ 238 U ages that range between 125.2 ± 2.1 and 107.6 ± 2.1 Ma, with a weighed mean of 117.2 ± 1 Ma (MSWD = 2.37, Fig. 11B).Zircon grains in sample BA-2014-4 are distinctively scarce and small (less than 75 μm long), and only nine U-Pb determinations on six zircon grains could be obtained.These are slightly discordant due to common lead, defining a poor discordia with a lower intercept age of 114.5 +2 -3 .7 .4 Ma (MSWD = 1.1861;Fig. 11C); spot analysis 206 Pb/ 238 U ages range between 121.2 ± 2.0 and 110.9 ± 3.6 Ma (common lead uncorrected), between 120.8 ± 2.1 and 111.3 ± 4.0 Ma ( 207 Pb corrected), and between 121.9 ± 2.1 and 113.1 ± 2.6 Ma ( 208 Pb corrected).Twenty-eight spot analyses on 22 zircon grains from sample BA-2014-5 (dome with pervasive silicic alteration) yielded 206 Pb/ 238 U ages between 123.4 ± 4.0 and 106.5 ± 2.6 Ma, with a weighted mean of 113.4 ± 1.6 Ma (MSWD = 1.88;Fig. 11D).An inherited zircon grain, with distinctive low CL (Fig. B4), yielded a 206 Pb/ 238 U age of 628.2 ± 12.2 Ma.Thirty-five spot analyses on zircon grains from sample BA-2014-7 (dome with intense silicic alteration) yielded concordant 206 Pb/ 238 U ages between 125.8 ± 3.2 and 109.1 ± 1.7 Ma, with a weighed mean of 115.6 ± 1.1 Ma (MSWD = 2.85, Fig. 11E); an inherited zircon with remarkably low CL (Fig. B5) yielded a 206 Pb/ 238 U age of 277.4 ± 3.4 Ma.

Geochemical affinities of the volcanic host rocks
Systematic marked negative Nb and positive Th anomalies to NMORB determined for all host-rock lithotypes at the Bayaguana district (Fig. 4A-D) indicate a suprasubduction zone environment for the generation of magmas and distinguish them from MORB or ocean island basalt (OIB) magmas (Pearce, 2014, and references therein).The absence of Eu anomalies in mafic volcanic rocks (including basalts and basaltic andesites) indicates that these basalts are representative of the original liquid composition.High V/Ti ratios shown by mafic volcanic rocks are indicative of formation in island-arc settings in opposition to low ratios that characterize those basalts formed in mid-ocean ridge or mature back arcs, according to the tectonic classification diagram of Shervais (1982;Fig. 4E).These ratios correspond to island-arc tholeiites and match the fields of low-Ti and normal islandarc tholeiitic basalts of primitive island-arc magmatic series in the Dominican Republic (Escuder-Viruete et al., 2014;Torró et al., 2016, in press).Further, low Nb contents (<0.point to an island-arc environment in the Th-Hf-Nb discrimination diagram of Wood (1980), in which most analyses match the field of island-arc tholeiitic basalts (Fig. 4F).
No bimodal behavior was detected in the analyzed volcanic host rocks from the Bayaguana district.This is in stark contrast to strong bimodality of the Los Ranchos Formation in the Cevicos-Miches area (fig. 6 in Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006).
Boninites, not detected in the study area, were described from the base of the Los Ranchos Formation in the Cevicos-Miches area by Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006).Low-Ti islandarc tholeiitic basalts from the Bayaguana district have values and normalized patterns similar to LREE-depleted, low-Ti island-arc tholeiitic basalts described by Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006) in the lower basaltic unit of the Los Ranchos Formation in the Cevicos-Miches area, and to low-Ti island-arc tholeiitic basalts of the Maimón Formation (Torró et al., 2016, in press).In contrast, low-Ti island-arc tholeiitic basalts are enriched in REE with respect to the LREE-depleted, low-Ti island-arc tholeiitic basalts of the Maimón Formation identified by Torró et al. (2017, in press) as forearc or transitional forearc-boninite basalts (Fig. 4A, B).Normal island-arc tholeiitic basalts and basaltic andesites at Bayaguana match the field of normal island-arc tholeiitic and are enriched in REE-to LREE-depleted, low-Ti island-arc tholeiitic basalts described by Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006) in the Cevicos-Miches area.The compositions of andesites studied from the Bayaguana district are largely coincident with those of normal island-arc tholeiitic basalts described by Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006) for the mafic volcanic rocks of the upper basaltic and andesitic unit of the Los Ranchos Formation in the Cevicos-Miches area (Fig. 4C).
All analyzed rhyolites have negative Eu anomalies, suggesting fractionation in a coeval plagioclase-rich cumulate (Fig. 4D).Tholeiitic-and boninitic-like chondrite-normalized REE patterns without marked LREE enrichment and generally low REE, Zr, TiO2, and K2O contents are distinctive to typical calc-alkaline felsic volcanic rocks.Therefore, the studied rhyolites have tholeiitic and boninitic affinities (e.g., Lesher et al., 1986;Piercey, 2011).These values are similar to those described by Escuder-Viruete et al. (2006) and are, in general, enriched in REE with respect to felsic volcanic rocks of the Maimón Formation (Torró et al., 2016(Torró et al., , 2017, in press, in press).Felsic volcanic rocks in primitive island-arc series described along the Greater Antilles yield comparable lithogeochemistry and are referred to as plagiorhyolites because of the ubiquitous presence of plagioclase phenocrysts (e.g., Jolly et al., 2008, and references therein).These rocks are the extrusive counterparts of plagiogranite series intrusives generated after the anatexis of the primitive basaltic, thickened arc crust (see also Marchesi et al., 2007;Torró et al., 2017).
The new lithogeochemical data on volcanic rocks from the Los Ranchos Formation in the Bayaguana district are largely analogous to reported lithogeochemical data from the same formation in the Cevicos-Miches area (Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006).In contrast, they show systematic geochemical differences relative to volcanic rocks from the VMS-bearing Maimón Formation.This observation is on a par with the conclusions reached by Torró et al. (2017), who proposed that the two formations developed in different temporal and spatial settings during the early evolution of the Caribbean island arc.
The metallogenic evolution associated with each formation was different, and these are discussed below in the framework of the general evolution of the arc system.To be noted also is that the development of argillic alteration in studied rocks, evidenced by whole-rock geochemical alteration indexes, was not detected in rocks from the Maimón Formation (Torró et al., 2016).

Evolution of the deposits and genetic model
The mineralogy of alteration and ore-bearing assemblages in the Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko deposits of the Bayaguana district and their structural and geometric features match those of porphyry Cu(-Mo) and high-sulfidation epithermal deposits (Simmons et al., 2005;Sillitoe, 2010).In particular, the features are similar to transitional domains between the two environments (e.g., Henley and Berger, 2011).
In Doña Amanda, Cu-Mo wavy veins of quartz with sulfide-rich central sutures and rims and sharp walls are comparable to B-type veins documented from many porphyry Cu-Mo deposits (Gustafson and Hunt, 1975;Seedorff et al., 2005;Sillitoe, 2010).Whereas Seedorff et al. (2005) describes B-type veins as veins largely lacking wall-rock alteration, Sillitoe (2010) noted the occurrence of narrow K-feldspar halos around them.Both possibilities have been documented from single deposits.At El Salvador (Chile), alteration halos rich in K-feldspar (± albite and biotite) around B-type veins are described only in deep sections of the deposit (Gustafson and Quiroga, 1995).In the absence of later deformation, the sinuosity of B-type veins at Bayaguana (Fig. 5A) is attributed to high temperatures (>400°C; Fournier, 1999) and overall quasiductile conditions.In contrast, later (i.e., D-type) veins have planar, sharp walls, consistent with formation under brittle conditions.Transitional phyllic-advanced argillic alteration halos (pyrophyllite and alunite supergroup minerals after muscovite) around B-type veins in Doña Amanda are consistent with high temperatures, as they are stable up to ~550°C (Seedorff et al., 2005;Henley and Berger, 2011).Alunite is stable at temperatures up to at least 450°C (Stoffregen et al., 1994).Temperatures of homogenization of fluid inclusions over 400°C have been determined for B-type veins from Doña Amanda, along with moderate salinities (10-17 wt % NaCl equiv; Fig. 10C).Such fluids are typical of late-stage mineralization in porphyry deposits (Fig. 10C; Redmond and Einaudi, 2010).A drastic drop in temperature (>400°-<200°C) at nearly constant salinity (with a tenuous decrease; Fig. 10C) can be explained by mixing with more dilute, cooler fluids.
In Cerro Kiosko, massive sulfide thick veins and lodes share many features with D-type veins.D veins documented from the Cavancha porphyry gold deposit (Maricunga belt, Chile; Muntean and Einaudi, 2001) have a paragenetic sequence similar to that of Cerro Kiosko, with early deposition of chalcopyrite and bornite + enargite, and late crystallization of tennantite and chalcopyrite.Evidence for open-space filling in D-type veins and lodes at Cerro Kiosko is chalcopyrite and bornite + enargite crustiform bands and, locally, vuggy cores of veins.The hypogene bornite-enargite assemblage in D veins at Cerro Kiosko marks the transition between porphyry deposits and the deepest portions of high-sulfidation deposits (ca.500-1,000 m, but up to greater than 1,500 m; temperatures between 260° and >300°C; Hedenquist et al., 2000;Sillitoe, 2010).Exsolution of chalcopyrite from bornite implies temperatures of formation greater than ca.250° to 300°C at 10 to 15% chalcopyrite average in studied samples (Brett, 1964;Sugaki, 1965;Sugaki et al., 1975).
A close spatial relationship of gold with bornite-rich zones has been described in many porphyry systems (e.g., Batu Hijau and Ertsberg, Indonesia; Rubin and Kyle, 1997;Arif and Baker, 2004).In this sense, the bornite solid solution is reported to accommodate one order of magnitude more Au than intermediate solid solution (ISS, i.e., the high-temperature precursor of chalcopyrite) at a given temperature (Simon et al., 2000).Corroded pyrite grains in enargite + bornite-rich bands at Cerro Kiosko show evidence for late precipitation of native gold and calaverite along with vug lining by chalcopyrite and goldfieldite (Fig. 6G, H).We interpret these features to indicate that remobilization of Au originally hosted in bornite most probably occurred due to lower-temperature epithermal, Te-rich fluids.
Sulfur isotope data from sulfides in B-and D-type veins indicate that the dominant source of sulfur was magmatic (i.e., values near 0‰; Ohmoto and Rye, 1979).A contribution of sulfur from thermochemical reduction of sulfate in seawater is considered unlikely because no positive δ 34 S values have been detected, as would be expected for sulfides precipitated from Lower Cretaceous seawater sulfate (~16‰; Claypool et al., 1980).The variation in δ 34 S values could be due to slightly changing redox and/or temperature conditions (Ohmoto and Rye, 1979;Field and Fifarek, 1985), and slightly negative δ 34 S values are also consistent with sulfide deposition from an oxidized (rich in SO 4 2-) magmatic fluid.Similar δ 34 S values are reported in sulfides from high-sulfidation epithermal and related porphyry deposits (Rye et al., 1992;Hedenquist et al., 1998;Wilson et al., 2007;Cooke et al., 2011).Pyrophyllite and alunite supergroup minerals (natroalunite, woodhouseite, and svanbergite) along with kaolinite in the Bayaguana deposits constitute hypogene argillic alteration assemblages formed at high (~400°-550°C) and intermediate to low (~200°-400°C) temperatures, respectively, which are corroborated by temperatures of homogenization of fluid inclusions.Such temperatures, plus the calculated salinities (Fig. 10C), δ 34 S values, and hypogene sulfide assemblages are compatible with high-to intermediate-sulfidation fluids carrying magmatic sulfur within a transitional environment between a porphyry-type and a high-sulfidation epithermal deposit (Fig. 12).

Age of the rhyolite domes and mineralization
U-Pb zircon ages for the plagioclase-phyric rhyolite domes in the Bayaguana area indicate that their parental acid magmatism of tholeiitic affinity is Early Cretaceous in age (ca.118-112 Ma; Fig. 13), which corresponds to the primitive island-arc magmatic suite in the primitive Caribbean island arc (Escuder-Viruete et al., 2014;Lidiak and Anderson, 2015).Average ages overlap, within analytical error, the reported U-Pb zircon ages for the Zambrana tonalite (Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006;Fig. 13), which intruded the Los Ranchos Formation in the Cotuí-Maimón area.They also overlap with felsic volcanic rocks from the intermediate levels of the Los Ranchos Formation, including massive quartz-feldspar porphyry rocks of the Quita Sueño Member, and also the Cotuí stock

A T T T E A A
enargite tennantite deep magmas hematite+pyrite magnetite Doña Amanda

Cerro Kiosko
Inferred initial porphyry Cu-Mo magmatic-hydrothermal path Fig. 12. Log fS 2 vs. T diagram, modified from Einaudi et al. (2003), illustrating the approximate cooling path of main ore stage fluids in Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko, based on observed mineral assemblages.Temperatures are consistent with those obtained from microthermometry of fluid inclusions.(Kesler et al., 2005a).Average U-Pb zircon ages (considering analytical errors) of the rhyolite domes are, in contrast, slightly older than those of quartz-porphyry fragmental rocks of the Pueblo Viejo Member (Kesler et al., 2005a, b) and the andesitic (intermineralization) dike in the Monte Negro pit studied by Mueller et al. (2008;Fig. 13).
A fairly large dispersion of individual spot U-Pb zircon ages was obtained.This relates to inheritance, but there are also young ages relative to the mean values and associated standard deviations (Figs. 11,13).The prominent survival of zircon (Bindeman and Melnik, 2016) and its crystallization over what is most likely a protracted life span of large magma reservoirs underlying the mineralizing stocks (Annen, 2009) commonly result in an overall marked U-Pb age dispersion.Accordingly, the use of individual U-Pb zircon age brackets is advised to better constrain the timing of magmatic processes in subvolcanic and volcanic environments (cf. von Quadt et al., 2011).Two distinctively old inherited ages of 628 and 277 Ma likely attest to a diverse crustal input of pre-Caribbean (i.e., pre-135 Ma; Lidiak and Anderson, 2015) subducted sediments to the mantle source, as recently documented in Cuban ophiolites (cf.Rojas-Agramonte et al., 2016).Of the remaining ages that are older than average, most are between 126 and 120 Ma (Appendix A).Although oblique convergence and underthrusting of the North American plate (proto-Caribbean) beneath the Greater Antilles would have initiated around 135 Ma (Rojas-Agramonte et al., 2011;Lidiak andAnderson, 2015, andreferences therein), Escuder-Viruete et al. (2014) indicated that the onset of boninitic and low-Ti island-arc tholeiitic magmatism in the Hispaniola segment of the Caribbean island arc occurred at 126 Ma.Therefore, it is likely that zircons were inherited from the lower basaltic unit of the Los Ranchos Formation (Kesler et al., 1991;Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006), potentially providing a lower limit of ca.126 Ma for Los Ranchos volcanism.
The anomalously young individual SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages are in the range of 110 to 107 Ma-i.e., they are at least 2 m.y.younger than the lower span of average ages and corresponding errors (Fig. 13).Mueller et al. (2008) faced a similar problem when interpreting zircons ages from the intermineralization andesite dike at Pueblo Viejo.They interpreted the average age of younger zircons to correspond to the age of porphyry emplacement.In the Bayaguana area, the emplacement of rhyolitic domes probably led to the incorporation of fragments of local wall rocks (in this case, basalts and thick deposits of felsic volcanic rocks and sediments, Fig. 2B) and the consequent assimilation of their zircon.The range of ages from ~118 to 112 Ma therefore most likely constitutes the record of acid magmatism in the region (cf. Escuder-Viruete et al., 2014).The rhyolite domes were the culmination of felsic volcanism at ~110 to 107 Ma (final cooling ages at ~109-106 Ma;Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006).This proposed age range matches the age of intrusion of the intermineralization andesite dike and lateral sills observed in the Monte Negro pit at Pueblo Viejo (Fig. 13; Mueller et al., 2008) and is slightly younger than the quartz-porphyry fragmental unit at Moore (Kesler et al., 2005b).Coeval dome emplacement and deposition of the Pueblo Viejo Member sedimentary rocks (Kesler et al., 1991(Kesler et al., , 2005a, b) , b) explain coexisting intrusive contacts and lateral changes of facies between partially reworked  dome aprons and the epiclastic sedimentary rocks (conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and carbonaceous mudstones) in the Loma Guaymarote area.The Re-Os age of 112.6 ± 0.4 Ma for molybdenite in B-type veins from the Doña Amanda deposit provides evidence for the porphyry-high-sulfidation epithermal mineralizing event in the Bayaguana area to have a close temporal and genetic association with intermediate-acid magmatism.The small analytical uncertainty of this age (Fig. 13) constrains the emplacement of B-type veins prior to dome extrusion in the Loma Guaymarote basin.The strong hydrothermal alteration of the rhyolite domes, and the elevated base and precious metal tenors intercepted in basin sedimentary rocks suggest that the hydrothermal activity extended (intermittently?) for 2 to 3 m.y.This age span is not uncommon in porphyry and epithermal systems (Chiaradia et al., 2013;Holley et al., 2016).Our Re-Os age is essentially the same as Re-Os ages in pyrite concentrates (111.9 ± 3.7 Ma, Kirk et al., 2014) and molybdenite (111.5 ± 0.4, 112.0 ± 0.4, and 112.1 ± 0.4 Ma;Nelson et al., 2015) from the Pueblo Viejo district.These ages provide evidence for a regional-scale metallogenic event at 112 to 110 Ma defined by the Pueblo Viejo and Bayaguana districts.

Implications for exploration: Porphyry-epithermal vs. VMS models in the Early Cretaceous Caribbean island arc
The tendency in general studies of the metallogenic evolution of the Greater Antilles has been to link the formation of porphyry copper deposits to the Late Cretaceous calc-alkaline, mature island-arc magmatism (e.g., Hollister, 1978;Kesler et al., 1990;Proenza and Melgarejo, 1998;Nelson et al., 2011).These researchers generally considered the Pueblo Viejo deposit as a "metallogenic isolate" with no regional connection with other mineralized districts and/or particular episodes in the tectonic evolution of the Caribbean island arc.Our work demonstrates that Pueblo Viejo is part of an Early Cretaceous metallogenic belt of porphyry and high-sulfidation mineralization throughout Hispaniola.Torró et al. (2016) pointed out the contrasting occurrence of VMS versus porphyry-epithermal mineralization in the contiguous bimodal Maimón and Los Ranchos formations, respectively.Such geologic differences correlate with slightly different tectonic settings and stages of evolution of the primitive Caribbean island arc (Torró et al., 2017).Forearc basalts, boninites, and low-Ti island-arc tholeiitic basalts of the VMShosting Early Cretaceous Maimón Formation (Fig. 4) indicate the establishment of a forearc environment following the initiation of W-dipping subsidence of the proto-Caribbean plate.The continued extensional regime in the overriding plate caused by slab rollback and trench migration promoted the circulation of hydrothermal fluids that led the formation of VMS deposits (cf.Ishizuka et al., 2014).Once the magmatic front and subduction angle stabilized, the generation of normal island-arc tholeiitic magmas, subaerial magmatism associated with arc crust thickening, and porphyry-epithermal mineralization took over in the intraarc zone, represented by the Los Ranchos Formation.Therefore, greenfield and brownfield exploration in the region must be accompanied by thorough characterization of the host sequences in order to better adapt the exploration strategies to targeting either VMS or porphyry-epithermal mineralization.

Conclusions
Our work reveals a transitional shallow porphyry-deep highsulfidation epithermal environment for the deposition of ores in the Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko deposits of the Bayaguana district.The emplacement at 112.6 ± 0.4 Ma of Cu-Mo B-type veins demonstrates that ore deposition in the Bayaguana district coincided with primitive island-arc tholeiitic magmatism operating during the early stages of the Caribbean island-arc construction (Los Ranchos Formation).Mineralization and parental intermediate-felsic magmatism at Bayaguana were coeval with high-sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag-Cu mineralization at Pueblo Viejo, which is also hosted by the Los Ranchos Formation.This study has shown that the Bayaguana and Pueblo Viejo districts are part of the same Early Cretaceous metallogenic belt, which therefore has potential for further discoveries of porphyry and high-sulfidation deposits.The confirmed occurrence of porphyry-epithermal mineralization associated with island-arc tholeiitic volcanism in the Los Ranchos Formation highlights the exploration potential for these deposit styles in equivalent terranes of the Caribbean and elsewhere.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Location map for the Los Ranchos Formation and the Bayaguana district in the Dominican Republic.The geologic base map was modified from Toloczyki and Ramirez (1991).

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. (A) Geologic map of the Bayaguana district (see Fig. 1 for location) showing the Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko deposits and the Doña Loretta, Hoyo La Palma, and Loma Guaymarote mineralization and prospects.Red contours represent the vertical projection of the deposit limits on surface.Sample locations for U-Pb dating (zircon) in plagioclase-phyric rhyolite domes from the Loma Guaymarote area are also shown.(B) Schematic lithostratigraphic columns for the Los Ranchos Formation in the Pueblo Viejo district(Kesler et al., 1991), the Cevicos-Miches area(Escuder-Viruete et al., 2006), and the Bayaguana district (this study).IAT = island-arc tholeiite.

Fig. 6 .
Fig. 6.Aspect of the Doña Amanda base metal mineralization in hand sample (A, B) and under petrographic (reflected light: C-E) and electron microscope (backscattered electron imaging mode: F-H).(A) Core-to-rim polished slab of zoned polymetallic vein with quartz-kaolinite-pyrite fragments cemented by pyrite grading inward to massive sulfide mineralization of tennantite-tetrahedrite, enargite, and chalcopyrite.(B) Polished slab of zoned sulfide mineralization with quartz-kaolinite fragments cemented by tetrahedrite group minerals and vein infill by layered colloform interspersed layers of tetrahedrite group minerals and chalcopyrite; cavities in the core of the vein present infill of late calcite.(C) Detail of the chalcopyrite and tennantite-tetrahedrite crusts in the sample shown in B; note the small pyrite fragments along the chalcopyrite crusts.(D) Detail of conspicuous caries textures developed on pyrite, with replacement and infilling by tennantite-tetrahedrite. Enargite is locally abundant and has been partially replaced by tennantite-tetrahedrite. (E) Complex texture in a tennantite-rich area showing replacement of bornite, enargite, and minor idaite by tennantite.Note the occurrence of exsolutions of chalcopyrite along the {100} directions of bornite.(F) Altaite grain in void of a fahlore crystal partially replaced by chalcopyrite.The original tennantite grain has been replaced by tetrahedrite.(G) Fractured and corroded pyrite crystal with infill of enargite, chalcopyrite, and native gold.(H) Corroded pyrite crystal with infill of goldfieldite and calaverite.Abbreviations: alt = altaite, Au = native gold, bn = bornite, cc = calcite, clv = calaverite, cpy = chalcopyrite, eng = enargite, glf = goldfieldite, id = idaite, kln = kaolinite, py = pyrite, qtz = quartz, td = tetrahedrite, tn = tennantite.

Fig. 7 .Fig. 8 .
Fig. 7. Paragenetic sequence for the Doña Amanda and Cerro Kiosko hypogene mineralization and hydrothermal alteration.Width of bars approximates the abundance of minerals.The fluid inclusion symbols on the bars indicate the positions in this sequence of minerals that were used for microthermometric analyses.Abbreviation: ss = solid solution.

Fig. 10
Fig. 10.(A) Photomicrograph of a primary fluid inclusion hosted in quartz in a D-type vein from Doña Amanda.(B) Photomicrograph of a primary, negative crystal-shaped fluid inclusion hosted in a calcite vein from Doña Amanda.(C) Left: Correlation between salinity and temperature of homogenization data of fluid inclusions from the Doña Amanda deposit.The position of the analyzed minerals in terms of timing of deposit formation is shown in Figure7.Data are represented for each occurrence type as fields covering all individual measurements.These data are compared with typical ranges for inclusions from Kuroko, epithermal, Sn-W, and porphyry deposit types as compiled byWilkinson (2001).Right: Histogram and frequency curve of temperature of homogenization (above) and salinity (below) data for fluid inclusions from the Doña Amanda deposit.
in the Loma Guaymarote area (equivalent to the Pueblo Viejo Member; Fig.2B) were processed with the aim of dating their emplacement.Details of the location of the five rock samples are given in Table

Fig. 11 .
Fig. 11.Wetherill concordia plots for samples of plagioclase-phyric rhyolite domes from the Loma Guaymarote basin, eastern Bayaguana district.Gray data in D and E are not computed for age determination.MSWD = mean square weighted deviation.
l i n g i t e + p y r r h o t i t e a r s e n o p y r i t e tennantite+pyrite arsenopyrite+chalcopyrite

Fig. 13 .
Fig. 13.Summary of age determinations on volcanic rocks from the Los Ranchos Formation (west to east: the Pueblo Viejo district, i.e., area between the road from Cotuí to Maimón and the Hatillo Reservoir; Cevicos-Bayaguana; Sierra del Seibo, close to the Samaná Bay) and ore mineralization in the Pueblo Viejo and Doña Amanda deposits.The diagram is based on literature compilation and new Re-Os molybdenite and igneous rock U-Pb zircon ages.Abbreviations: fd = feldspar, hbl = hornblende, Mb = member, qtz = quartz.

Table 1 .
Representative Whole-Rock Geochemical Data for the Different

Table 5 .
Nelson et al., 2015;olybdenite Sample from the Doña Amanda Prospect, Bayaguana District, Dominican Republic, Along with Available Re-Os Data for Ores in the Pueblo Viejo DepositNelson et al., 2015; pyrite and sphalerite: Kirk et al., 2014; Re-Os analyses by Carius tube dissolution and equilibration with a double Os spike; analyses by NTIMS with reported uncertainties at 2σ; 5-mg sample size for both runs; common Os contents are negligible in studied molybdenite from Bayaguana; Re and Os blanks are subpicogram level and insignificant to age calculation; assumed initial 187 Os/ 188 Os ratio for age calculation is 0.2; age is insensitive to assumed initial Os ratio; DA-23-11 drill hole location: UTM 434561 E, 2080032 N, collar elevation Abbreviations: mo = molybdenite, py = pyrite, sph = sphalerite