# name
Spanish Version of the Netherlands Empowerment List: Adaptation, Psychometric Validation, and Gender Differential Item Functioning Analysis

# metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
There is a lack of valid instruments to measure empowerment in Spanish-speaking populations. This study aimed to adapt the Netherlands Empowerment List (NEL), a 40-item scale, into Spanish and to test its psychometric properties examining its dimensional structure, internal consistency, temporal stability, relationships with other variables, and differential item functioning by gender. Participants were 406 users of mental health community rehabilitation services (52.5% male), with a mean age of 47.8 years. Results confirmed a six first-order factor structure of the scale. Internal consistency was excellent for the total score and ranged from excellent to adequate for subscale scores. Temporal stability was excellent for four subscales and good for the remaining two. The analysis of relationships between the Spanish NEL with other variables (i.e., empowerment, recovery, hope, perceived social support) provided additional evidence of its validity. Although four items showed uniform differential item functioning by gender, the effect size was negligible. The Spanish NEL yields valid and reliable scores, and it may be used to assess empowerment in Spanish-speaking countries.

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International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2025, vol. 23, p. 3798-3814

# metadata.dc.rights[].value
cc by (c) Sampietro, Hernán María et al., 2025

# metadata.dc.source[].value
Articles publicats en revistes (Psicologia Social i Psicologia Quantitativa)

# metadata.dc.title[].value
Spanish Version of the Netherlands Empowerment List: Adaptation, Psychometric Validation, and Gender Differential Item Functioning Analysis