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Fluctuation-dissipation theorem with applications in the electromagnetic ﬁeld

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Treballs Finals de Grau de Física, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2021, Tutor: Agustí Pérez Madrid

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Not so far from equilibrium, a powerful relation exists between the dissipation of energy (or equivalently entropy production) of a given system out of equilibrium and its ﬂuctuations. Moreover, dissipation is nothing but a measure of how intrinsic randomness and chaos aﬀect the transport properties of a system out of equilibrium. This relation is manifested in the ﬂuctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT), which is derived here, along with its quantum extension and an overview of the theory of linear response. The quantum version permits a way to understand its application to electromagnetic radiation (radiative heat transfer and an attractive force at the nanoscale), and will show how ﬂuctuations of the electromagnetic ﬁeld persist even at zero temperature

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Fluctuation-dissipation theorem with applications in the electromagnetic ﬁeld