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The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 as a recall response susceptible to immune imprinting: A prospective cohort study

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The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 does not follow the immunoglobulin isotype pattern of primary responses, conflicting with the current interpretation of COVID-19. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 191 SARS-CoV-2 infection cases and 44 controls from the second wave of COVID-19. The study stratified patients by severity and analyzed the trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and multiple immune variables. Results: Isotype-specific antibody time course profiles to SARS-CoV-2 revealed a pattern of recall response in 94.2 % of cases. The time course profiles of plasmablasts, B cells, cTfh high-resolution subsets, and cytokines indicated a secondary response. The transcriptomic data showed that this cohort is strictly comparable to contemporary cohorts. Conclusions: In most cases, the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is a recall response. This constitutes a favorable scenario for most COVID-19 cases to be subjected to immune imprinting by endemic coronavirus, which, in turn, can influence the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.

# metadata.dc.rights[].value
cc-by-nc (c) Alvarez-Sierra, Daniel et al., 2025

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Articles publicats en revistes (Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental)

# metadata.dc.title[].value
The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 as a recall response susceptible to immune imprinting: A prospective cohort study