# name
Phlebotomine mortality effect of systemic insecticides
                administered to dogs

# metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
BACKGROUND: Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by
                Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is an important disease in
                humans and dogs. Different mammal species are reservoirs but
                dogs are considered to be the main one. Phlebotomine sand flies
                are the proven vector. Four systemic insecticides approved for
                their use in dogs were previously selected based on their
                potential to be used in endemic countries as part of the control
                programs of ZVL. These insecticides are proved to be safe and
                effective against the on-label insects and parasites, but there
                is no information about their activity against phlebotomine sand
                flies. METHODS: The phlebotomine mortality of four systemic
                insecticides in dogs was evaluated using two randomized clinical
                trials. For the first trial, thirty dogs were randomly allocated
                into five groups: four treatments and one control, of equal
                size. The treatments evaluated were: Guardian(R)SR, Elanco
                (moxidectin); Comfortis(R), Elanco (spinosad); Bravecto(R),
                Merck Animal Health (fluralaner); and NexGard(R), Merial
                (afoxolaner). Blood from dogs was taken at days 2, 4, 21 and 31
                post-treatment (trial 1). The compound that showed the highest
                efficacy was selected for a second trial (trial 2) with 20 dogs
                sampled at days 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 18, 32, 39, 51 and 84
                post-treatment. Membrane feeding bioassays with Phlebotomus
                papatasi were used to evaluate the phlebotomine mortality
                efficacy of the different treatments. Phlebotomine mortality was
                observed every 24 h following the membrane feeding during 5
                days. A mixed model for a negative binomial logistic regression,
                and a Cox proportional hazard mixed model were used to estimate
                phlebotomine mortality due to different treatments. RESULTS:
                Fluralaner was the only compound that showed significant
                phlebotomine mortality. Fluralaner maintained the phlebotomine
                mortality between 60-80% for 30 days after treatment. In trial 1
                we found that fluralaner increased the risk of death by 1.9
                times (95% CI: 1.02-3.6) and 1.7 times (95% CI: 1.09-2.6) at
                days 2 and 4 after treatment. The Cox model resulted in an
                increase of 1.47 (95% CI: 1.1-1.96) times in hazard risk at day
                2 and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.35-2.45) at day 4 after treatment. In
                trial 2 we found that fluralaner increased the risk of death by
                1.64 times (95% CI: 1.16-2.54) and 1.97 times (95% CI:
                1.23-3.17) at days 14 and 32. The hazard risk was also increased
                by 1.92 (95% CI: 1.4-2.64) times at day 14 after treatment.
                Phlebotomine survival including all experimental days was
                significantly lower in the fluralaner group in both trials.
                CONCLUSIONS: A single oral treatment of fluralaner in dogs
                induces phlebotomine mortality. Systemic insecticides in dogs
                should be considered as a potential preventive measure of ZVL.

# metadata.dc.relation.isformatof[].value
Reproducció del document publicat a:
                http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2820-x

# metadata.dc.source[].value
Articles publicats en revistes (ISGlobal)

# metadata.dc.title[].value
Phlebotomine mortality effect of systemic insecticides
                administered to dogs