# name
Analysis and Evaluation of Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements in Landfills in the Araucanía Region, Chile

# metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
This preliminary study focuses on three abandoned sites, located in the communes of
Temuco, Villarrica, and Lonquimay, in the Araucanía Region, Chile. Two of the sites were classi-
fied as illegal landfills and one was a former landfill. Seventy-three surface samples were taken,
of which 32 were from site S1, 20 were from site S2, and 21 were from site S3. The objectives
of this study were (1) to establish the background values of trace metals present in soils through
different statistical methods, (2) to determine the level of contamination and possible ecological
risks in soils, and (3) to assess the health risk posed to children and adults from potentially haz-
ardous elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn). The data analyzed belong to
a report presented by Chile’s National Environmental Centre (CENMA). An evaluation was car-
ried out through a multivariate statistical analysis to determine the type of origin and association
of the trace elements, and spatial distribution maps were generated to establish the behavior of
the contents of heavy metals present in the sites studied. The background values for sites S1, S2,
and S3 were obtained by the median + 2MADdian absolute deviation) method. These values var-
ied in the range of 14,702–41,785 mg kg−1 for Al, 0.83–8.9 mg kg−1 for As, 29.2–77.2 mg kg−1 for
B, 59.2–143 mg kg−1 for Ba, 10.1–22.8 mg kg−1 for Cd, 18.4–51.2 mg kg−1 for Co, 12.3–38.0 mg
kg−1 for Cr, 47.8–76.6 mg kg−1 for Cu, 36,230–64,274 mg kg−1 for Fe, 0.02–0.05 mg kg−1 for Hg,
482–4396 mg kg−1 for Mn, 16.7–19.3 mg kg−1 for Ni, 1.0–17.6 mg kg−1 for Pb, 1.4–28.2 mg kg−1 for Se, 108–258 mg kg−1 for V, and 68.1–145 mg kg−1 for Zn. In terms of ecological risk, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor (Cf) values for As and Se at site S1, As at S2, and Pb with As at S3 were the main elements indicating the highest contamination levels, as well as a higher number of samples with contaminated content. The Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) revealed that on average, there was a moderate ecological risk for S1 and S2 and a considerable ecological risk for S3; the main contributions were generated by As and Hg in S1 and S2, while, in S3, they were produced by Pb and As. In terms of the risk to human health, the risk was higher in children than in adults, with the ingestion route as the main source of risk. For adults, it was found that there was no likelihood that they would develop any adverse non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic health effects. In contrast, children were found to be more likely to sustain adverse health effects. Regarding the non-carcinogenic risk to children, the Co and As samples at S1, S2, and S3, and the Pb at site S3 showed values exceeding the non-carcinogenic-risk limit. Regarding the carcinogenic risk, all three sites studied had Cd samples that indicated a likelihood of children developing cancer from this heavy metal.

# metadata.dc.source[].value
Articles publicats en revistes (Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals)

# metadata.dc.title[].value
Analysis and Evaluation of Concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements in Landfills in the Araucanía Region, Chile