# name
Long-lasting insecticidal nets no longer effectively kill the
                highly resistant Anopheles funestus of southern Mozambique

# metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
BACKGROUND: Chemical insecticides are crucial to malaria control
                and elimination programmes. The frontline vector control
                interventions depend mainly on pyrethroids; all long-lasting
                insecticidal nets (LLINs) and more than 80% of indoor residual
                spraying (IRS) campaigns use chemicals from this class. This
                extensive use of pyrethroids imposes a strong selection pressure
                for resistance in mosquito populations, and so continuous
                resistance monitoring and evaluation are important. As
                pyrethroids have also been used for many years in the Manhica
                District, an area in southern Mozambique with perennial malaria
                transmission, an assessment of their efficacy against the local
                malaria vectors was conducted. METHODS: Female offspring of
                wild-caught Anopheles funestus s.s. females were exposed to
                deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin using the World
                Health Organization (WHO) insecticide-resistance monitoring
                protocols. The 3-min WHO cone bioassay was used to evaluate the
                effectiveness of the bed nets distributed or available for
                purchase in the area (Olyset, permethrin LLIN; PermaNet 2.0,
                deltamethrin LLIN) against An. funestus. Mosquitoes were also
                exposed to PermaNet 2.0 for up to 8 h in time-exposure assays.
                RESULTS: Resistance to pyrethroids in An. funestus s.s. was
                extremely high, much higher than reported in 2002 and 2009. No
                exposure killed more than 25.8% of the mosquitoes tested
                (average mortality, deltamethrin: 6.4%; lambda-cyhalothrin:
                5.1%; permethrin: 19.1%). There was no significant difference in
                the mortality generated by 3-min exposure to any net (Olyset:
                9.3% mortality, PermaNet 2.0: 6.0%, untreated: 2.0%; p = 0.2).
                Six hours of exposure were required to kill 50% of the An.
                funestus s.s. on PermaNet 2.0. CONCLUSIONS: Anopheles funestus
                s.s. in Manhica is extremely resistant to pyrethroids, and this
                area is clearly a pyrethroid-resistance hotspot. This could
                severely undermine vector control in this district if no
                appropriate countermeasures are undertaken. The National Malaria
                Control Programme (NMCP) of Mozambique is currently improving
                its resistance monitoring programme, to design and scale up new
                management strategies. These actions are urgently needed, as the
                goal of the NMCP and its partners is to reach elimination in
                southern Mozambique by 2020.

# metadata.dc.relation.isformatof[].value
Reproducció del document publicat a:
                http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0807-z

# metadata.dc.source[].value
Articles publicats en revistes (ISGlobal)

# metadata.dc.title[].value
Long-lasting insecticidal nets no longer effectively kill the
                highly resistant Anopheles funestus of southern Mozambique