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Advanced Formulation Approaches for Ocular Drug Delivery: State-Of-The-Art and Recent Patents

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The eye presents extensive perspectives and challenges for drug delivery, mainly because of the extraordinary capacity, intrinsic to this path, for drugs to permeate into the main circulatory system and also for the restrictions of the ocular barriers. Depending on the target segment of the eye, anterior or posterior, the speciﬁcations are diﬀerent. The ocular route experienced in the last decades a lot of progresses related with the development of new drugs, improved formulations, speciﬁc-designed delivery and even new routes to administer a drug. Concomitantly, new categories ofmaterialsweredevelopedandadaptedtoencapsulatedrugs. Withsuchadvances,amultiplicityof parameters became possible to be optimized as the increase in bioavailability and decreased toxic eﬀects of medicines. Also, the formulations were capable to easily adhere to speciﬁc tissues, increase the duration of the therapeutic eﬀect and even target the delivery of the treatment. The ascending of new delivery systems for ocular targeting is a current focus, mainly because of the capacity to extend the normal time during which the drug exerts its therapeutic eﬀect and, so, supplying the patients with a product which gives them fewer side eﬀects, fewer number of applications and even moreeﬀectiveoutcomestotheirpathologies,surpassingthetraditionally-usedeyedrops. Depending on the systems, some are capable of increasing the duration of the drug action as gels, emulsions, prodrugs,liposomes,andocularinsertswithhydrophilicproperties,improvingtheabsorptionbythe cornea. In parallel, other devices use as a strategy the capacity to sustain the release of the carried drugs by means of erodible and non-erodible matrices. This review discusses the diﬀerent types of advanced formulations used for ocular delivery of therapeutics presenting the most recent patents according to the clinical applications. Keywords: ocular drug delivery, patents, bioavailability, anterior eye segment, posterior eye segment, targeted drug delivery

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Articles publicats en revistes (Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Fisicoquímica)

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Advanced Formulation Approaches for Ocular Drug Delivery: State-Of-The-Art and Recent Patents