# name
The impact of temperature on insecticide toxicity against the
                malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus

# metadata.dc.description.abstract[].value
BACKGROUND: It is anticipated that malaria elimination efforts
                in Africa will be hampered by increasing resistance to the
                limited arsenal of insecticides approved for use in public
                health. However, insecticide susceptibility status of vector
                populations evaluated under standard insectary test conditions
                can give a false picture of the threat, as the thermal
                environment in which the insect and insecticide interact plays a
                significant role in insecticide toxicity. METHODS: The effect of
                temperature on the expression of the standard WHO insecticide
                resistance phenotype was examined using Anopheles arabiensis and
                Anopheles funestus strains: a susceptible strain and the derived
                resistant strain, selected in the laboratory for resistance to
                DDT or pyrethroids. The susceptibility of mosquitoes to the
                pyrethroid deltamethrin or the carbamate bendiocarb was assessed
                at 18, 25 or 30 degrees C. The ability of the pyrethroid
                synergist piperonyl-butoxide (PBO) to restore pyrethroid
                susceptibility was also assessed at these temperatures. RESULTS:
                Temperature impacted the toxicity of deltamethrin and
                bendiocarb. Although the resistant An. funestus strain was
                uniformly resistant to deltamethrin across temperatures,
                increasing temperature increased the resistance of the
                susceptible An. arabiensis strain. Against susceptible An.
                funestus and resistant An. arabiensis females, deltamethrin
                exposure at temperatures both lower and higher than standard
                insectary conditions increased mortality. PBO exposure
                completely restored deltamethrin susceptibility at all
                temperatures. Bendiocarb displayed a consistently positive
                temperature coefficient against both susceptible and resistant
                An. funestus strains, with survival increasing as temperature
                increased. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental temperature has a marked
                effect on the efficacy of insecticides used in public health
                against important African malaria vectors. Caution must be
                exercised when drawing conclusions about a chemical's efficacy
                from laboratory assays performed at only one temperature, as
                phenotypic resistance can vary significantly even over a
                temperature range that could be experienced by mosquitoes in the
                field during a single day. Similarly, it might be inappropriate
                to assume equal efficacy of a control tool over a geographic
                area where local conditions vary drastically. Additional studies
                into the effects of temperature on the efficacy of
                insecticide-based interventions under field conditions are
                warranted.

# metadata.dc.source[].value
Articles publicats en revistes (ISGlobal)

# metadata.dc.title[].value
The impact of temperature on insecticide toxicity against the
                malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus