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Title: | The problem of nitrogen disposal in the obese |
Author: | Alemany, Marià, 1946- |
Keywords: | Aminoàcids Amoníac Dieta Excreció Nitrogen Obesitat Síndrome metabòlica Trastorns del metabolisme Urea Proteïnes dels aliments Protein content of food Amino acids Ammonia Diet Excretion Nitrogen Obesity Metabolic syndrome Disorders of metabolism Urea |
Issue Date: | Jun-2012 |
Publisher: | Cambridge Universtity Press |
Abstract: | Amino-N is preserved because of the scarcity and nutritional importance of protein. Excretion requires its conversion to ammonia, later incorporated into urea. Under conditions of excess dietary energy, the body cannot easily dispose of the excess amino-N against the evolutively adapted schemes that prevent its wastage; thus ammonia and glutamine formation (and urea excretion) are decreased. High lipid (and energy) availability limits the utilisation of glucose, and high glucose spares the production of ammonium from amino acids, limiting the synthesis of glutamine and its utilisation by the intestine and kidney. The amino acid composition of the diet affects the production of ammonium depending on its composition and the individual amino acid catabolic pathways. Surplus amino acids enhance protein synthesis and growth, and the synthesis of non-protein-N-containing compounds. But these outlets are not enough; consequently, less-conventional mechanisms are activated, such as increased synthesis of NO∙ followed by higher nitrite (and nitrate) excretion and changes in the microbiota. There is also a significant production of N(2) gas, through unknown mechanisms. Health consequences of amino-N surplus are difficult to fathom because of the sparse data available, but it can be speculated that the effects may be negative, largely because the fundamental N homeostasis is stretched out of normalcy, forcing the N removal through pathways unprepared for that task. The unreliable results of hyperproteic diets, and part of the dysregulation found in the metabolic syndrome may be an unwanted consequence of this N disposal conflict. |
Note: | Reproducció del document publicat a: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954422411000163 |
It is part of: | Nutrition Research Reviews, 2012, vol. 25, num. 1, p. 18-28 |
URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/2445/53851 |
Related resource: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954422411000163 |
ISSN: | 0954-4224 |
Appears in Collections: | Articles publicats en revistes (Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia) |
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