La modelización del paisaje: iconografía y percepciones visual y sonora en el arte rupestre macroesquemático

Abstract

[spa] Desde los años ochenta del siglo XX, el análisis de la distribución espacial de los abrigos con arte rupestre y su relación con la creación de paisajes sociales por parte de sociedades prehistóricas se ha planteado desde diferentes perspectivas. Estas aproximaciones se han centrado en averiguar de qué modo estos conjuntos artísticos ofrecen claves sobre cómo se vertebraron los paisajes. Desde hace dos décadas, estas aproximaciones se han realizado a través de herramientas derivadas de los Sistemas de Información geográfica (SIG), particularmente para analizar y modelizar los patrones de visibilidad. Sin embargo, las diferentes modelizaciones han llevado a resultados, en ocasiones, contradictorios. Como medio para ahondar en estas y otras cuestiones, en este trabajo nos centraremos en el arte rupestre macroesquemático (ARM) a través de diferentes escalas de análisis. La primera analiza, desde un punto de vista iconográfico, los diferentes motivos. La segunda escala presta atención a la distribución espacial de estos motivos, así como su concentración en determinados sitios. Por último, la tercera escala modeliza la percepción visual y sonora a través del empleo de diferentes herramientas SIG. En este punto se realiza una evaluación crítica, tanto de las bases cartográficas como de los procedimientos empleados en la modelización de los paisajes visuales y sonoros. La concatenación de estas unidades de análisis permite aproximarnos a la articulación social del paisaje neolítico a partir de un fenómeno artístico tan concreto y particular como es el ARM.

[eng] Since the 1980s different approaches have been followed to analyse the spatial distribution of rock art shelters and their relationship with social landscapes construction by prehistoric societies. These approaches focus on finding out the clues that shelters offer as to how symbolic landscapes were structured or whether these were chosen following visual preferences. Previous work on post-Palaeolithic art in the Iberian Peninsula has used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as an analysis tool. However, sometimes, the results obtained reveal some contradictions, which could be linked either to the low resolution of the cartography available when those models were designed or to the random data treatment. This paper attempts to overcome these contradictions by focusing on macroschematic rock art (ARM, in its Spanish acronym), an artistic manifestation with a well-defined geographical location —north of the province of Alicante (Spain)— and chronological framework —Cardial Early Neolithic; ca. 5600-5200 cal BC—. In order to analyse the symbolic and sensory landscapes generated around this artistic manifestation, different scales of analysis (Chippindale, 2004) have been implemented. Firstly, a new typology of macroschematic motifs based on an iconographic analysis is proposed. For this purpose, four major motif types are considered: anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, curvilinear geometric and minor motifs. This categorization allows for better understanding of the semantics of this manifestation (Hernández Pérez, 2003), which draws significant parallels with other Neolithic manifestations in the Mediterranean area. Secondly, the spatial location of each rock art shelter is studied, paying special attention to the quantity and variety of motifs represented in each one of them. This work has carefully observed a different distribution of certain motifs. It has also revealed a different concentration in the number and variety of motifs in certain shelters that can be considered sanctuaries. Lastly, a set of GIS analytical tools have been applied to model the visual and sound perception of and from the macroschematic rock art shelters. To avoid distortions as identified in similar reconstructions carried out in previous works, a prior cartographic requirements assessment was made. Regarding the visibility issue, the methodology of the GIS analysis conducted has been finetuned by adding the following factors: visual field and range. For its modelling, the Individual Distance Viewshed tool designed by Fábrega-Álvarez & Parcero-Oubiña (2019) for ESRI ArcGis 10.5 has been used. In the analysis of sonority, variables related to musicality have been considered, as documented in the archaeological and anthropological record; technical issues associated with the propagation of sound in outdoor spaces were also studied. Sound Mapping Tools v. 4.4 for ESRI ArcGis 10.5 (Reed, Boggs & Mann, 2012) were used in the GIS sound propagation study. This analytical work has permitted the mapping of sensory-related aspects for each site, thus facilitating a cross-site comparative analysis; this has ultimately led to the identification of interesting recurrences and differences. This systematic and orderly analysis proposed has resulted in a holistic approach to the study of an artistic phenomenon as specific and unique as macroschematic rock art. Based on the results obtained, the existence of a social landscape articulated around this artistic manifestation, in which each shelter could have played a different although complementary role, can be claimed. Consequently, the authors defend the existence of "main sanctuaries" that could have played an important role as social gathering spaces where visual and sound messages were conveyed. Moreover, "secondary sanctuaries" may be related to the movement of communities through the landscape and, especially, to the paths leading to the central sanctuary of Pla de Petracos (Castell de Castells, Alicante, Spain). The results of the research offer a new and richer interpretation of how the communities that painted the macroschematic rock art perceived the landscape in which they lived. The authors would like to emphasize the importance of approaching symbolic landscapes through the prior analysis of rock art, particularly focusing on its iconographic variety, as well as on its internal sequence. To conclude, the procedure followed has led to the creation of new methodological bases to study other symbolic manifestations related to the social articulation of prehistoric landscapes.