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Symmetry breaking in small rotating clouds of trapped ultracold Bose atoms
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We study the signatures of rotational and phase symmetry breaking in small rotating clouds of trapped ultracold Bose atoms by looking at rigorously defined condensate wave function. Rotational symmetry breaking occurs in narrow frequency windows, where energy degeneracy between the lowest energy states of different total angular momentum takes place. This leads to a complex condensate wave function that exhibits vortices clearly seen as holes in the density, as well as characteristic local phase patterns, reflecting the appearance of vorticities. Phase symmetry (or gauge symmetry) breaking, on the other hand, is clearly manifested in the interference of two independent rotating clouds.
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DAGNINO, D., et al. Symmetry breaking in small rotating clouds of trapped ultracold Bose atoms. Physical Review A. 2007. Vol. 76, num. 1, pags. 013625. ISSN 1050-2947. [consulted: 4 of August of 2026]. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/2445/9645