Phytotherapy as strategy to mitigate the toxicity of chemotherapy in breast cancer

Abstract

This Final Degree Project explores the toxicity associated with chemotherapy in breast cancer, with particular focus on the molecular mechanisms behind adverse effects and the potential of pharmacogenetics and phytotherapy to mitigate them without compromising antitumor efficacy. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to analyse the systemic toxicity of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents—such as anthracyclines, taxanes, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, platinum compounds, and cyclosporines—and the underlying mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The findings support the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals like Platycodon grandiflorum, curcumin, kaempferol, and β-elemene to reduce chemotherapy-induced toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic actions. Furthermore, pharmacogenetic markers in genes such as RARG, SLC28A3, and CYP2C8 show promise in predicting individual susceptibility to adverse effects and in guiding personalised treatment. The study concludes that integrating pharmacogenomics and phytotherapy into clinical oncology could enhance treatment adherence and patient quality of life. It emphasises the need for translational research and clinical validation to support a more predictive, preventive, and personalised therapeutic model. Keywords: breast cancer, chemotherapy toxicity, pharmacogenomics, phytotherapy, natural compounds.