Origin of bistability in the butyl-substituted spirobiphenalenyl-based neutral radical material

Abstract

One of the most remarkable bistable materials reported so far is made of pi dimers of a butyl-substituted spirobiphenalenyl boron radical (butyl-SBP). The phase transition of this material, which is accompanied by changes in its optical, conductive, and magnetic properties, occurs with a hysteretic loop 25 K wide centered at 335 K. Herein, a computational study is presented aimed at deciphering the origin of this hysteresis. The phase transition of butyl-SBP consists of a spin transition of the constituent pi dimers coupled with an order-disorder transition involving the butyl chains linked to the nitrogen atoms of the superimposed phenalenyl rings of the pi dimer. Below 335 K, the terminal methyl group of the butyl chains adopts a gauche conformation with respect to the methylene unit bonded to the nitrogen atom. Above 335 K, the methyl group is in an anti conformation and exhibits dynamic disorder. The gauche -> anti conformational rearrangement triggers the spin transition of the pi dimers and is responsible for the hysteretic behavior of butyl-SBP. Specifically, the onset of the phase transition in the heating mode, and thus, the width of the hysteresis loop, are governed by the high energy cost and strong structural cooperative effects associated with this conformational change. Our results show that coupling a spin switch with a conformational switch in a molecular crystal provides a promising strategy in the design of new bistable materials.