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Liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate with simultaneous water removal catalyzed by ion exchange resins
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The liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate by esterification of levulinic with an excess of 1-butanol (initial molar ratio 1:3) and simultaneous water removal has been studied at atmospheric pressure and at the boiling point of the reacting medium. The catalytic performance of ten commercial sulfonic resins has been compared: four gel-type and six macroreticular. For both type of resins the levulinic acid conversion was complete after 4-6h and no byproducts derived from the acid were detected. Selectivity of 1-butanol towards the ester was about 95%, di-butyl ether and butenes being the detected 1-butanol-derived byproducts. Among the tested catalysts, gel-type resins with low crosslinking degree showed the highest activity, what could be attributed to a higher accessibility to active centers in polar medium. In additional experiments where initial reactants content was at stoichiometric relation, the levulinic acid conversion was lower (82-85%), while selectivity of 1-butanol towards the ester was slightly higher, because of the lower 1-butanol concentration.
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IBORRA URIOS, Montserrat, et al. Liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate with simultaneous water removal catalyzed by ion exchange resins. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2019. Vol. 78, num. 222-231. ISSN 1226-086X. [consulted: 14 of October of 2026]. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/2445/137297