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Abstract

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a major global health concern and one of the leading risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. It affects more than one billion people worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing due to factors such as aging populations, sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and obesity. Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries remains consistently high, placing excessive strain on the cardiovascular system. Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the resistance of the arteries to blood flow. When this balance is disrupted - due to factors such as increased vascular resistance, excessive sodium retention, or overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - blood pressure rises and, if left untreated, can lead to severe complications, including damage to vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and brain. Chronic hypertension contributes to the thickening and stiffening of arterial walls, reducing their elasticity and increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition that can further lead to ischemic events such as heart attacks and strokes. In addition, high blood pressure can overwork the heart, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and, eventually, heart failure. In the kidneys, sustained hypertension can impair filtration, leading to chronic kidney disease and, in severe cases, kidney failure. Furthermore, hypertension is closely linked to cognitive decline and vascular dementia due to its effects on cerebral blood flow. Managing blood pressure effectively is essential to reducing the risk of these life-threatening conditions