Bisphenols, PCBs, Parabens, and Dioxins: The Silent Threat of Endocrine Disruptors in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Bisphenols, PCBs, Parabens, and Dioxins: The Silent Threat of Endocrine Disruptors in Breast Cancer This study investigates the potential role of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in breast cancer development and progression. The primary objective is to analyse how bisphenols, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), parabens, and dioxins contribute to oncogenic processes by disrupting hormonal balance, altering gene expression, and modifying the tumour microenvironment. Specifically, this review aims to identify key exposure pathways, elucidate molecular mechanisms of action, and evaluate their public health implications. To achieve this, a comprehensive literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed scientific databases, focusing on studies published from 2019 onward. The findings reveal that BPA promotes cell proliferation, migration, epigenetic alterations, and immune suppression, accelerating tumour progression. PCBs influence gene expression and cellular metabolism, but their correlation with breast cancer remains inconclusive. Parabens exhibit estrogenic activity, increasing oxidative stress and tumour growth, while dioxins contribute to metastasis, inflammation, and therapy resistance. Epidemiological studies suggest that high exposure levels-mainly through diet, environmental contamination, and personal care products-are associated with increased breast cancer risk. In conclusion, EDCs play a significant role in breast cancer, although further research is needed to address existing knowledge gaps. Moreover, stronger regulatory preventive measures should be reinforced to minimize exposure and mitigate associated health risks. Moreover, raising public awareness and promoting the development of safer alternatives are crucial steps in reducing the impact of these chemicals on human health. Key words: Endocrine disrupting chemicals, breast cancer, bisphenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, parabens, dioxins