4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid oxidation in sulfate and real olive oil mill wastewater by electrochemical advanced processes with a boron-doped diamond anode

Abstract

The degradation of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a ubiquitous component of olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW), has been studied by anodic oxidation with electrogenerated H2O2 (AO-H2O2), electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF). Experiments were performed in either a 0.050 M Na2SO4 solution or in real OOMW at pH 3.0, using a cell with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and an air-diffusion cathode for H2O2 generation. Hydroxyl radicals formed at the BDD surface from water oxidation in all processes and/or in the bulk from Fenton's reaction between added Fe2+ and generated H2O2 in EF and PEF were the main oxidants. In both matrices, the oxidation ability of the processes increased in the order AO-H2O2 < EF < PEF. The superiority of PEF was due to the photolytic action of UVA radiation on photosensitive by-products, as deduced from the quick removal of Fe(III)-oxalate complexes. The effect of current density and organic content on the performance of all treatments was examined. 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid decay obeyed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. The PEF treatment of 1.03 mM 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in 0.050 M Na2SO4 allowed 98% mineralization at 360 min even at low current density, whereas 80% mineralization and a significant enhancement of biodegradability were achieved with the real OOMW.