Análisis del apagón ibérico desde una perspectiva ambiental

Abstract

This Master’s Thesis investigates the environmental impact resulting from the ’reinforced operation’ implemented in the Iberian electricity system following the blackout on April 28, 2025. Using data from the ESIOS platform, this research evaluates how the prioritization of inertial stability —following the loss of robust synchronous capacity— has transformed electricity dispatch management. By developing stability and fragility indices, the study demonstrates that the transition to a decarbonized model reached a critical point where the lack of rotational inertia compromised operational security. The findings confirm a paradigm shift: the System Operator has drastically reduced risk events (alerts and alarms) through massive interventions prioritizing synchronous assets. However, this increased resilience has come at a significant environmental toll, resulting in an excess of 2,679,418 tCO2-eq emitted due to technical constraints between the blackout and the end of 2025. The study concludes by proposing digitization and the use of Grid Forming technologies as the necessary path to decouple grid security from fossil fuel dependency