Llibres / Capítols de llibre (Física de la Matèria Condensada)
URI permanent per a aquesta col·leccióhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/167121
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Part del llibreMesoscopic Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Application to Radiative Heat Exchange in Nanostructures(IntechOpen, 2011-01) Pérez Madrid, Agustín; Rubí Capaceti, José Miguel; Lapas, Luciano CalheirosSystems in conditions of equilibrium strictly follow the rules of thermodynamics (Callen, 1985). In such cases, despite the intricate behaviour of large numbers of molecules, the system can be completely characterized by a few variables that describe global average properties. The extension of thermodynamics to non-equilibrium situations entails the revision of basic concepts such as entropy and its related thermodynamic potentials as well as temperature that are strictly defined in equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics proposes such an extension (de Groot & Mazur, 1984) for systems that are in local equilibrium. Despite its generality, this theory is applicable only to situations in which the system manifests a deterministic behaviour where fluctuations play no role. Moreover, nonequilibrium thermodynamics is formulated in the linear response domain in which the fluxes of the conserved local quantities (mass, energy, momentum, etc.) are proportional to the thermodynamic forces (gradients of density, temperature, velocity, etc.). While the linear approximation is valid for many transport processes, such as heat conduction and mass diffusion, even in the presence of large gradients, it is not appropriate for activated processes such as chemical and biochemical reactions in which the system immediately enters the non-linear domain or for small systems in which fluctuations may be relevant...- Part del llibreInvariance in Quantum Walks(IntechOpen, 2016-08) Montero Torralbo, MiquelIn this Chapter, we present some interesting properties of quantum walks on the line. We concentrate our attention in the emergence of invariance and provide some insights into the ultimate origin of the observed behavior. In the first part of the Chapter, we review the building blocks of the quantum-mechanical version of the standard random walk in one dimension. The most distinctive difference between random and quantum walks is the replacement of the random coin in the former by the action of a unitary operator upon some internal property of the later. We provide explicit expressions for the solution to the problem when the most general form for the homogeneous unitary operator is considered, and we analyze several key features of the system as the presence of symmetries or stationary limits. After that, we analyze the consequences of letting the properties of the coin operator change from site to site, and from time step to time step. In spite of this lack of homogeneity, the probabilistic properties of the motion of the walker can remain unaltered if the coin variability is chosen adequately. Finally, we show how this invariance can be connected to the gauge freedom of electromagnetism.
- Part del llibreParticipation and Co-creation in Citizen Science(Springer, 2021) Senabre Hidalgo, Enric; Perelló, Josep, 1974-; Becker, Frank; Bonhoure, Isabelle; Legris, Martine; Cigarini, AnnaCitizen science practices have different frames to general scientific research – the adoption of participatory methods in research design has long been pursued in citizen science projects. The citizen science research design process should be inclusive, flexible, and adaptive in all its stages, from research question formulation to evidence-based collective results. Some citizen science initiatives adopt strategies that include co-creation techniques and methodologies from a wide variety of disciplines and practices. In this sense, the will to collaborate between researchers and other stakeholders is not new. It is traditionally found in public participation in science, including participatory action research (PAR) and the involvement of civil society organisations (CSOs) in research, as well as in mediatory structures, such as science shops. This chapter critically reviews methodologies, techniques, skills, and participation based on experiences of civic involvement and co-creation in research and discusses their limitations and potential improvements. Our focus is on the reflexivity approach and infrastructure needed to design citizen science projects, as well as associated key roles. Existing tools that can be used to enhance and improve citizen participation at each stage of the research process will also be explored. We conclude with a series of reflections on participatory practices.
- Part del llibreThe Recent Past and Possible Futures of Citizen Science: Final Remarks(Springer, 2021) Perelló, Josep, 1974-; Klimczuk, Andrzej; Land-Zandstra, Anne; Vohland, Katrin; Wagenknecht, Katherin; Narraway, Claire; Lemmens, Rob; Ponti, MarisaThis book is the culmination of the COST Action CA15212 Citizen Science to Promote Creativity, Scientific Literacy, and Innovation throughout Europe. It represents the final stage of a shared journey taken over the last 4 years. During this relatively short period, our citizen science practices and perspectives have rapidly evolved. The COST Action started in 2016, when citizen science was gaining momentum in Europe and worldwide. The first international citizen science conference took place in San José, California, in 2012. This period also saw the foundation of citizen science organisations, such as the European Citizen Science Association (ECSA) at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, in 2014. These milestones were not isolated events in the evolution of citizen science. There was a confluence of factors on multiple levels: globally, nationally, and locally. There was a sense of urgency to find common spaces to discuss the widespread flourishing of citizen science practices. These factors led to the formation of the citizen science COST Action. The impetus for citizen science in Europe over the last few years is partially indebted to the activities and interactions of this COST Action. This has offered a panoramic view of new initiatives, recently built digital platforms, and ongoing hot topic debates in the citizen science community of practitioners. It also helped spark several European-funded projects. The most relevant example is EU-Citizen. Science, a coordination and support platform launched in 2019. Its goal is to become the European reference point for citizen science, through cross-network knowledge sharing on a multi-language repository website with access to projects and resources for all stakeholders....
- LlibreThe Science of Citizen Science(Springer, 2021) Vohland, Katrin; Land-Zandstra, Anne; Ceccaroni, Luigi; Lemmens, Rob; Perelló, Josep, 1974-; Ponti, Marisa; Samson, Roeland; Wagenknecht, KatherinThis open access book discusses how the involvement of citizens into scientific endeavors is expected to contribute to solve the big challenges of our time, such as climate change and the loss of biodiversity, growing inequalities within and between societies, and the sustainability turn. The field of citizen science has been growing in recent decades. Many different stakeholders from scientists to citizens and from policy makers to environmental organisations have been involved in its practice. In addition, many scientists also study citizen science as a research approach and as a way for science and society to interact and collaborate. This book provides a representation of the practices as well as scientific and societal outcomes in different disciplines. It reflects the contribution of citizen science to societal development, education, or innovation and provides and overview of the field of actors as well as on tools and guidelines. It serves as an introduction for anyone who wants to get involved in and learn more about the science of citizen science.
- Part del llibreCitizen Social Science: New and Established Approaches to Participation in Social Research(Springer, 2021) Albert, Alexandra; Balázs, Bálint; Butkevičienė, Eglė; Mayer, Katja; Perelló, Josep, 1974-This chapter explores the ways in which the roles of citizens and researchers play out in the social sciences. This is expressed by numerous overlapping and related terms, such as co-production and participatory action research, to name but two, and by the different social topics that citizen social science draws attention to. The key question this chapter seeks to explore is what does naming citizen social science as such bring to the fields of citizen science and the social sciences? The chapter explores the different epistemic foundations of citizen social science and outlines the development and provenance of citizen social science in its broadest sense, reflecting on how it is currently practised. It draws on different examples from the experiences and work of the authors and notes the boundaries and overlaps with citizen science. The chapter also highlights some of the key issues that citizen social science gives rise to, emphasising that while citizen social science is a relatively new term, its underlying approaches and epistemic foundations are at least partially established in the social sciences.
- Part del llibreEditorial: The Science of Citizen Science Evolves(Springer, 2021) Vohland, Katrin; Land-Zandstra, Anne; Ceccaroni, Luigi; Lemmens, Rob; Perelló, Josep, 1974-; Ponti, Marisa; Samson, Roeland; Wagenknecht, KatherinCitizen science broadly refers to the active engagement of the general public in scientific research tasks. Citizen science is a growing practice in which scientists and citizens collaborate to produce new knowledge for science and society. Although citizen science has been around for centuries, the term citizen science was coined in the 1990s and has gained popularity since then. Recognition of citizen science is growing in the fields of science, policy, and education and in wider society. It is establishing itself as a field of research and a field of practice, increasing the need for overarching insights, standards, vocabulary, and guidelines. In this editorial chapter we outline how this book is providing an overview of the field of citizen science.
- LlibreLibro Blanco de los Sistemas Complejos Socio-tecnológicos(Red de Excelenica SocioComplex, 2017-11) Perelló, Josep, 1974-; Español, Ferran; Arenas, Àlex; Aguirre, Jacobo; Colomer de Simón, Pol; Díaz Guilera, Albert; Galán, José Manuel; Martín Buldú, Javier; Moreno, Yamir; Sagarra, Oleguer; Sánchez, Angel; Red de Excelenica SocioComplexEste libro blanco analiza por primera vez las principales fuerzas de la investigación española en ciencias de la complejidad en el contexto de los sistemas socio-tecnológicos.