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Azúcar, yerba y tabaco. Etnografía sobre la institucionalización psiquiátrica de mujeres argentinas
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[spa] El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir y analizar la experiencia de la institucionalización psiquiátrica de mujeres internas en una sala de salud mental de un hospital público en Argentina. Para ello, se realizó un estudio etnográfico, a través de diferentes estancias de trabajo de campo durante los años 2010, 2011-‐2012, 2013 y 2014, en el hospital “Dr. José A. Ceballos” ubicado en la ciudad de Bell Ville, Provincia de Córdoba. Se emplearon técnicas de observación participante, entrevista, registro en diario de campo y análisis documental. Se abordó la institución como un “híbrido social”: una comunidad residencial y organización formal guiada por el saber médico-‐psiquiátrico que emprende su proceso asistencial en torno al cuidado. Se observó cómo este modelo de atención, que asume las características del cuidado del ámbito doméstico, para poder funcionar debe articularse al interior de la institución con prácticas de auto-‐atención y con prácticas benéficas provenientes del exterior. Por otro lado, del análisis del material etnográfico también se desprende que la permeabilidad de la institución no es algo dado sino que es producto de una negociación continua, principalmente entre las internas y el personal, donde la amenaza de encierro es el eje articulador del sistema privilegio/castigo de la institución. El encierro se figuró inscripto en una estructura de círculos concéntricos. La exploración de sus trayectorias vitales y la observación de prácticas actuales en torno a la reforma psiquiátrica reveló la gestión social que se hace de ellas a partir de su enfermedad, por la cual son distribuidas y puestas a circular. Además, se describieron procesos mortificadores del yo, prácticas objetualizantes y estigmatizantes; pero también se prácticas revitalizantes del yo, que tienen lugar en la institución. Se describieron numerosas situaciones en las que las internas resisten al poder institucional tanto con acciones como a través del discurso. La principal resistencia a la institución total es a través de la formación de vínculos de “pseudo-parentesco” tanto al interior como al exterior del hospital, práctica que también es apoyada y sostenida por la institución.
[eng] The objective of this research was to describe and analyze the experience of the psychiatric institutionalization of women in the mental health unit of a public hospital in Argentina. An ethnographic study was carried out in the hospital "Dr. José A. Ceballos" located in the city of Bell Ville, Province of Córdoba. The fieldwork and data collection took place during the years 2010, 2011-‐2012, 2013 and 2014. Participant observation, key informant interviewing, daily field notes and documentary analysis techniques were used. The institution was approached as a "social hybrid": a residential community and a formal organization guided by the medical-‐psychiatric knowledge that addresses mental health services around care. It was observed how this care model, which assumes domestic care characteristics, in order to well-‐functioning needed to be articulated with internal self-‐care practices along with external charitable practices. On the other hand, the analysis of the ethnographic material also revealed that the permeability of the institution borders was not something given but was the product of a continuous negotiation, mainly between the inpatients and the personnel. The threat of total confinement is the articulating axis privilege / punishment of the system in the institution. The confinement was inscribed in a structure of concentric circles. The exploration of the vital trajectories of the inpatients and the observation of current practices around the psychiatric policy reform revealed how is the social management of then and the mental illness, by which they are distributed and put to circulate. In addition, self-‐mortifying processes, objecting and stigmatizing practices were described; but also, self-‐revitalizing practices were identified in the institution. Many situations were described in which the inpatient, with actions and discursively, resist the institutional authority. The main resistance to the institutionalization is materialized in the configuration of "pseudo‐kinship" bonds, both inside and outside the hospital, a practice that is also supported and reinforced by the institution.
[eng] The objective of this research was to describe and analyze the experience of the psychiatric institutionalization of women in the mental health unit of a public hospital in Argentina. An ethnographic study was carried out in the hospital "Dr. José A. Ceballos" located in the city of Bell Ville, Province of Córdoba. The fieldwork and data collection took place during the years 2010, 2011-‐2012, 2013 and 2014. Participant observation, key informant interviewing, daily field notes and documentary analysis techniques were used. The institution was approached as a "social hybrid": a residential community and a formal organization guided by the medical-‐psychiatric knowledge that addresses mental health services around care. It was observed how this care model, which assumes domestic care characteristics, in order to well-‐functioning needed to be articulated with internal self-‐care practices along with external charitable practices. On the other hand, the analysis of the ethnographic material also revealed that the permeability of the institution borders was not something given but was the product of a continuous negotiation, mainly between the inpatients and the personnel. The threat of total confinement is the articulating axis privilege / punishment of the system in the institution. The confinement was inscribed in a structure of concentric circles. The exploration of the vital trajectories of the inpatients and the observation of current practices around the psychiatric policy reform revealed how is the social management of then and the mental illness, by which they are distributed and put to circulate. In addition, self-‐mortifying processes, objecting and stigmatizing practices were described; but also, self-‐revitalizing practices were identified in the institution. Many situations were described in which the inpatient, with actions and discursively, resist the institutional authority. The main resistance to the institutionalization is materialized in the configuration of "pseudo‐kinship" bonds, both inside and outside the hospital, a practice that is also supported and reinforced by the institution.
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MARTÍNEZ ROJAS, María florencia. Azúcar, yerba y tabaco. Etnografía sobre la institucionalización psiquiátrica de mujeres argentinas. [consulta: 31 de desembre de 2025]. [Disponible a: https://hdl.handle.net/2445/119403]