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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ (PPAR β/δ) as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Dyslipidemia
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Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular disease in patients at high risk
(Turner et al., 1998), such as type 2 diabetic patients. Lowering of LDL-C is the prime target
for treatment (2002), but even with intensification of statin therapy, a substantial residual
cardiovascular risk remains (Barter et al., 2007; Miller et al., 2008; Fruchart et al., 2008;
Shepherd et al., 2006). This may partly be due to atherogenic dyslipidemia. This term is
commonly used to describe a condition of abnormally elevated plasma triglycerides and low
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), irrespective of the levels of LDL-C (Grundy,
1995). In addition to these key components, increased levels of small, dense LDL-C particles
are also present, which in conjunction with the former components conform the also called
“lipid triad” (Shepherd et al., 2005). Other abnormalities include accumulation in plasma of
triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TLRs), including chylomicron and very-low-density
lipoprotein (VLDL) remnants. This is reflected by elevated plasma concentrations of non-
HDL-C and apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB). Postprandially, there is also accumulation in
plasma of TLRs and their remnants, as well as qualitative alterations in LDL and HDL
particles. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia is associated with a wide spectrum of atherogenic
lipoproteins not measured routinely (Taskinen, 2003). The presence of this lipid plasma
profile with high triglyceride and low HDL-C levels have been shown to increase the risk of
cardiovascular events independent of conventional risk factors (Bansal et al., 2007; Barter et
al., 2007; deGoma et al., 2008). In fact, guidelines recommend modifying high triglyceride
and low HDL-C as secondary therapeutic targets to provide additional vascular protection
(2002). The presence of atherogenic dyslipidemia is seen in almost all patients with
triglycerides > 2.2 mmol/l and HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/l, virtually all of whom have type 2
diabetes or abdominal obesity and insulin resistance (Taskinen, 2003)...
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BARROSO FERNÁNDEZ, Emma, et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ (PPAR β/δ) as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Dyslipidemia. Chapter 11 in: Kelishadi. Roya. 20xx. Dyslipidemia: From Prevention to Treatment. IntechOpen. ISBN: 978-953-307-904-2. DOI: 10.5772/1182. pp. 215-234.. [consulted: 9 of June of 2026]. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/2445/174830