Hate Speech and Information Disorder

Abstract

This Open Educational Resource (OER) examines the relationship between hate speech and information disorder, with particular attention to their impact on vulnerable groups and democratic discourse. The resource introduces key conceptual distinctions between misinformation (unintentional dissemination of false information), disinformation (intentional dissemination of false information to cause harm), and malinformation (the strategic use of accurate information to inflict harm).

Drawing on the definition proposed by the European Commission against Racism and Tolerance (ECRI, 2015), the OER explains hate speech as the advocacy, promotion, or incitement of denigration, hatred, or violence against individuals or groups based on personal characteristics. It highlights the multiple forms hate speech may take, including dehumanising metaphors, insults, “humorous” memes, threats, glorification of violence, and body shaming. The resource also stresses that hate speech can be expressed indirectly, for example through irony.

The OER underlines the psychological and social consequences of hate speech: mental burden on victims and witnesses, silencing effects, incitement to violence, and increasing social polarisation. It emphasises that hate speech frequently intersects with information disorder, reinforcing discrimination and hostility towards refugees, women, religious minorities, queer communities, persons with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups.

Developed within the European project GEDIS (Gender Diversity in Information Science), this OER supports critical media literacy, ethical reflection, and inclusive practices in higher education.