Interaction between the Effects of Sustained Swimming Activity and Dietary Macronutrient Proportions on the Redox Status of Gilthead Sea Bream Juveniles (Sparus aurata L.)

Abstract

The combination of physical exercise and a balanced diet presents substantial health benefits and could improve fish production. However, the redox balance can be affected by training regimen, dietary macronutrient ratio and their interaction. In this study, we conjointly evaluated the effects of physical activity (by voluntary swimming (VS) or sustained swimming as exercise (Ex)) and diet composition (by high-protein (HP) or high-lipid (HE) commercial diets) after 6 weeks on oxidative stress status in liver, white muscle and red muscle of gilthead sea bream juveniles. The HE diet increased the biochemical redox markers' thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and reduced thiols (-SH) in the different tissues. Exercise increased AOPP and -SH levels in liver but reduced TBARS levels in white muscle. Regarding the expression of oxidative stress, chaperones and apoptosis-related genes, the VSHE group showed the highest values and the VSHP the lowest, whereas the application of sustained swimming partially equalized those differences. Diet composition modulated the enzyme activity, prioritizing the superoxide dismutase and catalase in the HE-fed groups and the glutathione-related enzymes in the HP groups. Exercise also altered enzyme activity, but in a tissue-dependent manner. Overall, the redox balance in gilthead sea bream juveniles can be affected by diet composition and sustained swimming. However, the response will partly depend on the interaction between these factors and the tissue studied. Therefore, the combination of an adequate diet and sustained exercise could be used in fish production to improve the physiological redox status.