Sex Differences in Chronic Postsurgical Pain after Open Thoracotomy

Abstract

Study Objective: To determine the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in women after open thoracotomy. Secondary objectives were to compare relevant patient and procedural variables between women and men. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: Ten university-affiliated hospitals. Subjects: Ninety-six women and 137 men. Interventions: Scheduled open thoracotomy. Measurements: Pain histories, psychological measures, and perceived health status and catastrophizing scores were obtained. The diagnosis of chronic postsurgical pain was by physical examination at 4 months. Standard preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were also recorded. Main Results: The chronic postsurgical pain incidence was significantly higher in women (53.1%) than in men (38.0%) (p = 0.023). At baseline, women had significantly worse scores on psychological measures (perception of mental state [p = 0.01], depression [p = 0.006], and catastrophizing [p < 0.001]). Women also reported more preoperative pain in the operative area (p = 0.011) and other areas (p = 0.030). Conclusion: These findings show that the incidence of physician-diagnosed chronic postsurgical pain is higher in women than in men after surgeries involving thoracotomy. Sex and gender should be included in future clinical research on pain in surgical settings.