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2025-03-01

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cc-by-nc (c) Alvarez-Sierra, Daniel et al., 2025
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/2445/221437

The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 as a recall response susceptible to immune imprinting: A prospective cohort study

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2025.110429

Abstract

The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 does not follow the immunoglobulin isotype pattern of primary responses, conflicting with the current interpretation of COVID-19. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 191 SARS-CoV-2 infection cases and 44 controls from the second wave of COVID-19. The study stratified patients by severity and analyzed the trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and multiple immune variables. Results: Isotype-specific antibody time course profiles to SARS-CoV-2 revealed a pattern of recall response in 94.2 % of cases. The time course profiles of plasmablasts, B cells, cTfh high-resolution subsets, and cytokines indicated a secondary response. The transcriptomic data showed that this cohort is strictly comparable to contemporary cohorts. Conclusions: In most cases, the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is a recall response. This constitutes a favorable scenario for most COVID-19 cases to be subjected to immune imprinting by endemic coronavirus, which, in turn, can influence the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.

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COVID-19, Adults, Immunoglobulines, Limfòcits

Subject (English)

COVID-19, Adulthood, Immunoglobulins, Lymphocytes

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Articles publicats en revistes (Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental)
Articles publicats en revistes (Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística)
Articles publicats en revistes (Institut d'lnvestigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL))

Citation

ALVAREZ-SIERRA, Daniel, et al. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 as a recall response susceptible to immune imprinting: A prospective cohort study. Clinical Immunology. 2025. Vol. 272. ISSN 1521-6616. [consulted: 8 of June of 2026]. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/2445/221437

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