Non-G Base Tetrads

Abstract

Tetrads (or quartets) are arrangements of four nucleobases commonly involved in the stability of four-stranded nucleic acids structures. Four-stranded or quadruplex structures have attracted enormous attention in the last few years, being the most extensively studied guanine quadruplex (G-quadruplex). Consequently, the G-tetrad is the most common and well-known tetrad. However, this is not the only possible arrangement of four nucleobases. A number of tetrads formed by the different nucleobases have been observed in experimental structures. In most cases, these tetrads occur in the context of G-quadruplex structures, either inserted between G-quartets, or as capping elements at the sides of the G-quadruplex core. In other cases, however, non-G tetrads are found in more unusual four stranded structures, such as i-motifs, or different types of peculiar fold-back structures. In this report, we review the diversity of these non-canonical tetrads, and the structural context in which they have been found.