Articles publicats en revistes (Química Inorgànica i Orgànica)
URI permanent per a aquesta col·leccióhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/9245
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Structural and photophysical features of triphenylene–gold(I) phosphane complexes(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025-10-08) Atencio, P. Anyie; Sevillano, Alba; Lázaro Palacios, Ariadna; Freixa, Zoraida; Aguilà Aviles, David; Angurell Purroy, Inmaculada; Rodríguez Raurell, LauraTwo series of mono- or dinuclear gold(I) complexes incorporating an ethynyltriphenylene chromophore and various mono- and diphosphanes have been synthesized and characterized to explore the interplay between the ligand structure, aurophilic interactions, and photophysical properties. The complexes display dual emission behaviour, with fluorescence dominating under air-equilibrated conditions and phosphorescence emerging under oxygen-free environments. Dinuclear compounds bearing diphosphane linkers show enhanced phosphorescence, attributed to shorter Au(I)-Au(I) distances that facilitate intersystem crossing (ISC). Upon immobilization in PMMA matrices, all selected compounds exhibit efficient room-temperature phosphorescence even in the presence of oxygen, with emission quantum yields up to 33% and lifetimes extending to nearly one millisecond. These findings highlight the potential of structural design and matrix confinement to engineer metal-based luminophores for applications in time-gated imaging, security inks, and light-emitting devices.Article
Optimizing (Bio) Catalysis with Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Systems(Wiley-VCH, 2025-11-14) Reis, David Q. P.; Calvário, Joana; Chibeles, Inês; Kumar, Mohit; Pina, Ana S.Membraneless organelles, also known as biomolecular condensates, lack a surrounding membrane and are formed through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). This process enhances reaction efficiency by compartmentalizing and concentrating reactants. Coacervates, a class of condensates, provide promising synthetic alternatives for improving enzymatic reactions. This review examines how LLPS enhances reaction efficiency in both natural and artificial systems, explores the design principles of coacervate-based artificial organelles employed in (bio)catalysis, and discusses challenges and future directions for leveraging LLPS in catalysis.Article
Short Antimicrobial Peptides Based on Arginine and Tryptophan: Agents with Potential in Combating Resistant Pathogens(American Chemical Society, 2026-03-13) Fernández de la Cruz, Eric; Mhlongo, Jessica T.; Kumar, Ashish; Albericio Palomera, Fernando; Viñas, Miquel; Espinal, Paula; Fusté i Domínguez, Ester; Torre, Beatriz G. de laThe limitations of conventional antibiotics due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance demand new therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial peptides represent a promising alternative because of their broad-spectrum activity and low propensity for inducing resistance. In this study, we designed and evaluated a set of seven-residue Arg/Trp-based peptides. All peptides were successfully synthesized and characterized, and their activities were assessed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, including clinical isolates. Among the sequences tested, (WRW)2F exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity, displaying bactericidal effects. Growth inhibition and timekill assays showed dose-dependent effects, and SYTOX Green uptake, AFM, and TEM analyses confirmed rapid membrane permeabilisation and structural disruption as the primary mode of action, while it has been demonstrated not to act as an efflux pump inhibitors. Importantly, the three more active peptides synergized with linezolid against E. coli, and (WRW)2F was able to resensitize MRSA to oxacillin, demonstrating their potential for combined therapies. The toxicity studies in eukaryotic cells and the C. elegans survival model have shown a favorable safety profile. Overall, this work highlights short Arg/Trp-rich peptides, especially (WRW)2F, as affordable, easy-to-synthesize, and biocompatible compounds with significant potential to enhance antibiotic efficacy and counteract resistant pathogens.Article
Gold(I) Complexes with Bulky Phosphanes: A Dual Approach to Triplet Harvesting and Hydroamination Catalysis(American Chemical Society, 2025-02-11) Aquino Samper, Araceli de; Santamaría, Nazaret.; Moro, Artur J.; Aguilà Aviles, David; Nicasio, M. Carmen; Lima, João Carlos; Rodríguez Raurell, Laura; Prieto, AuxiliadoraTwo families of mononuclear gold(I) complexes featuring Au-chromophore units, with chromophores being carbazole (a), phenanthrene (b), or dibenzofuran (c), were synthesized. The Au(I) atoms are coordinated to two phosphanes, either $PMe_{2}Ar^{Xyl2}(Ar^{Xyl2} = 2,6-C_{6}H{_3}-(2,6-C_{6}H{3}-Me_{2})_{2})$ (P1) or the bulkier $PCyp_{2}Ar^{Xyl2}(Cyp = cyclopentyl)$ (P2). The photophysical properties of these complexes were extensively studied, with a particular focus on the effects of phosphane bulkiness and chromophore electron-donating capacity on triplet state quantum yields ($\Phi_{T}$). Nanosecond-laser flash photolysis measurements were employed to calculate $\Phi_{T}$. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations supported the absorption and emission assignments, providing insights into the electronic state gaps involved in photophysical processes and their relative populations. The parent complex AuCl (P2) in combination with ${NaBAr_{4}}^F$, as a chloride scavenger, served as an efficient catalyst for the hydroamination of a variety of alkynes and amines, under mild conditions and with low Au loading (0.1–0.2 mol %). Luminescent studies allowed us to check the active catalytic species.Article
Lanthanide(III) Metal-Organic Frameworks (Ln=Gd, Tb, Dy)Based on a C3 Symmetrical Tricarboxylate Linker(Wiley-VCH, 2025-01-02) McHugh, Darragh; Tong, Wenming; Bezrukov, Andrey; Farras, Pau; Zaworotko, Michael J.; Mayans Ayats, Júlia; Skelton, Jonathan M.; Barnett. Sarah; Pallipurath, Anuradha R.; Papatriantafyllopoulou, ConstantinaLanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks have attracted significant interest due to their ability to combine porosity with one or more additional properties, providing an alternative method for the development of multifunctional materials. With this in mind, we report the synthesis and characterisation of the OnG5 family of MOFs with the formula [LnLH(DMF)3][(4-NH2Ph)3C](NO3)(CH3CO2H), where Ln=Gd (OnG5-Gd), Tb (OnG5-Tb), Dy (OnG5-Dy), and LH3−= the trianion of 4,4′,4′′-(1 E)-[4,4′,4′′-(methanetriyl)tris(benzene-4,1-diyl)tris(azan-1- yl-1-ylidene)]tris(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)tribenzoic acid. OnG5 were synthesised in situ from the reaction of Ln(NO3)3.xH2O, pararosaniline base [(4-NH2Ph)3COH] and terephthalaldehydic acid in DMF. Their structure was studied through single crystal x-ray crystallography and confirmed with DFT calculations. OnG5 display a 2D, three-fold interpenetrated structure with a honeycomb lattice topology. They are the first examples bearing the ligand LHH3 and they display photoluminescence originating from an intraligand π-π* or n-π* transition. Dc and ac magnetic susceptibility studies conducted on the OnG5-Gd analogue revealed an absence of magnetic interaction between the metal centres.Article
Hydrophilic Janus Micelles from an ABC Triblock Copolymer(Wiley-VCH, 2026-02-23) Muñoz López, José María; Hu, Lei; Wang, Haomin; Tian, Xiaohe; Ruiz-Perez, Lorena; Battaglia, GiuseppeWe describe the creation of an amphiphilic triblock copolymer that drives lateral phase separation within micelle coronas. The design combines a hydrophobic poly(lactide) (PLA) core ‑forming block with two distinct hydrophilic segments: poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly( N ‑vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). In water, the copolymer assembles into spherical micelles, confirmed by cryogenic TEM and multi ‑angle light scattering. Selective end ‑labelling of PVP with an electron ‑dense iridium complex enabled unstained TEM imaging, revealing clear contrast asymmetry that locates PVP to a single hemisphere of the corona. Complementary 2D1 H-Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (1 H ‑NOESY) NMR confirmed this Janus ‑type segregation of PEG and PVP. These results demonstrate how molecular architecture can encode asymmetry into soft nanostructures, offering a versatile route to polymer ‑based Janus nanoparticles with dual surface functionality and broad technological potential.Article
Decoding the Conformation of Polylactic Acid in Block Copolymer Micelles(American Chemical Society, 2026-01-28) Muñoz López, José María; Tuveri, Gian Marco; Barbieri, Valentino; Basile, Marco; Cosenza, V.; Lorenz, Christian D.; Ruiz-Perez, Lorena; Battaglia, GiuseppeUnderstanding how molecular features dictate the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers into well-defined nanostructures is essential for the rational design of advanced soft materials. However, the large number of interdependent parameters involved, such as particle size, aggregation number, interfacial curvature, and molecular weight, makes it challenging to establish general design principles. Here we establish a scaling-based framework for PEG-b-PLA micelles with a fixed hydrophilic–hydrophobic ratio. Systematic variation of molecular weights enables precise control of micelle size and aggregation number, quantified by DLS, cryo-TEM, and MALS.Article
No Switching Cooperativity between Coordinated Azo Ligands on Complexes Having $M^{II}(phosphane-k^2P)\}^{2+}\ ( M = Pd, Pt)$ Scaffolds(American Chemical Society, 2024-08-21) Raïch Panisello, Ot; Jover Modrego, Jesús; Puigjaner Vallet, Ma. Cristina; Ferrer García, Montserrat; Martínez López, Manuel, 1957-A series of square-planar palladium and platinum compounds with cis-blocking phosphanes and terminal azobenzene ligands ${[M(dppp)-(azo)_{2}] (OTf)_{2} (azo = CN(C_{6}H_{4})-N = N-(C_{6}H_{4})CN (iso-cyano), CN(C_{6}H_{4})-N = N-(C_{6}H_{5}) (iso-Ph)) and [{M_{2}(tpbz)}(azo)_{4}](OTf)_{4}(azo = CN(C_{6}H_{4})-N = N-(C_{6}H_{5})}$ have been synthesized and fully characterised. Similarly to the uncoordinated ligands, the new coordination compounds have shown to be photochemically active with respect to their trans-to-cis isomerization process. Their cis-to-trans back spontaneous reaction have been studied as a function of solvent, temperature and pressure and the corresponding activation parameters determined in order to investigate the mechanism of these transformations. The results obtained are indicative of the operation of a rotational mechanism with no cooperativity between the azo ligands attached to the same metal. DFT calculations have been carried out in order to estimate the relative energies of the different photoisomers for the theoretical interpretation of the experimental data.Article
Transferrin receptor 1-targeted polymersomes therapy for colorectal cancer(Elsevier, 2025-08-30) Pina, Ariana; Mastrantuono, Elisa; Silva, Marta Marques de Almeida e; Barbieri, Valentino; Muñoz López, José María; Battaglia, Giuseppe; Graça, Luís; Matias, DianaColorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most common cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer-relateddeaths. The high mortality associated with CRC is attributed mainly to difficulties in early detection and lack of effective targeted therapies. The Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is particularly attractive as a therapy target given its notable overexpression in tumor cells, particularly in CRC. This study explored the potential of a polymeric nanoparticle (PSomes)-based drug delivery system targeting TfR1 to improve the precision and efficacy of CRC treatment. For this study, we used two human CRC cell lines (HT-29, and HCT116), a healthy human intestinal epithelial cell line (hIECs), and a murine CRC cell line (MC38). We engineered PSomes composed of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly (lactic acid) (PLA), functionalized with the T7 peptide to enhance their specificity for TfR1-expressing cells. Targeting efficiency of these PSomes was assessed across all cell lines by evaluating the cellular uptake using flow cytometry. Upon establishing the optimal formulation for these NPs for TfR1-targeting, we encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX) to assess their therapeutic potential. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that DOX loaded TfR1-targeted PSomes delivered DOX to CRC cells, leading to efficient induction of CRC cell death, reducing tumor growth and improving survival rates, compared to the control groups. These results highlight the promise of TfR1-targeted PSomes as a precise strategy for CRCtherapy, offering enhanced treatment efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. This novel approach could lead to more targeted and less harmful cancer treatments.
Article
Environment-responsive Pt(II) complexes boost aggregation-enhanced emission and singlet oxygen production(Elsevier, 2025-12-17) Romo Islas, Guillermo; Rodríguez Raurell, LauraHere, we introduce an environment-tuning strategy to simultaneously boost aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) and singlet oxygen (1O2) generation in PEGylated platinum(II) pyridyl complexes. Different amphiphilic Pt(II) species bearing triazole/tetrazole NˆNˆN ligands self-assemble in response to solvent polarity, polymer confinement, and packing forces, enabling precise control over intermolecular Pt···Pt and π···π interactions. This aggregation control strengthens the triplet-state population, delivering parallel gains in luminescence and photosensitization without modifying the core chromophore. Emission quantum yields rise from dilute-solution values to 25% in aggregated states and 0.25% in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films, while 1O2 quantum yields reach ∼60% in aggregates and 49% in polystyrene (PS) films. This simple, modular approach couples emission enhancement with photoreactive oxygen production, offering a powerful design platform for multifunctional materials in photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, and optical sensing.Article
Environment-responsive Pt(II) complexes boost aggregation-enhanced emission and singlet oxygen production(Elsevier, 2025-12-17) Romo Islas, Guillermo; Rodríguez Raurell, LauraHere, we introduce an environment-tuning strategy to simultaneously boost aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE) and singlet oxygen (1O2) generation in PEGylated platinum(II) pyridyl complexes. Different amphiphilic Pt(II) species bearing triazole/tetrazole NˆNˆN ligands self-assemble in response to solvent polarity, polymer confinement, and packing forces, enabling precise control over intermolecular Pt···Pt and π···π interactions. This aggregation control strengthens the triplet-state population, delivering parallel gains in luminescence and photosensitization without modifying the core chromophore. Emission quantum yields rise from dilute-solution values to 25% in aggregated states and 0.25% in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films, while 1O2 quantum yields reach ∼60% in aggregates and 49% in polystyrene (PS) films. This simple, modular approach couples emission enhancement with photoreactive oxygen production, offering a powerful design platform for multifunctional materials in photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, and optical sensing.Article
Lighting the Way: Supramolecular Luminescent Chemosensors for a Safer Environment(Wiley-VCH, 2025-11-20) Rodríguez Raurell, LauraIn this Guest Editorial, the special issue of ChemistryEurope on supramolecular luminescent chemosensors (LCs) is presented, showcasing selected contributions from members of the COST Action LUCES (CA22131). LCs are a versatile means to sensitively and selectively detect pollutants and biologically relevant molecules. Recent advances in this rapidly growing field include molecular receptors and nanostructured assemblies, as well as device integration and data-driven sensing. Articles in this issue highlight a range of innovations within European collaborations fostered by LUCES, demonstrating the Action’s focus on translating fundamental findings from the laboratory into real-life solutions to environmental and societal needs.Article
Comparative Magnetic Studies in the Solid State and Solution of Two Isostructural 1D Coordination Polymers Containing CoII/NiII-Curcuminoid Moieties(MDPI, 2016-09-01) Díaz Torres, Raúl; Menelaou, Melita; González-Campo, Arántzazu; Teat, Simon J.; Sañudo Zotes, Eva Carolina; Soler, Mònica; Aliaga-Alcalde, NúriaTwo novel 1D coordination chains containing the curcuminoid (CCMoid) ligand 9Accm have been characterized: [CoII(9Accm)2(4,4´-bpy)]n (1) and [NiII(9Accm)2(4,4´-bpy)]n (2). The two compoundsweresynthesizedbysolvothermalandmicrowave (MW) assistedtechniques, respectively, and crystals of both systems were directly obtained from the mother solutions. Crystal structures of 1 and 2 prove that both systems are isostructural, with the ligands in a trans configuration. The two chains have been magnetically characterized in solution by paramagnetic 1H NMR, where 1 displayed typical features from CoII systems, with spread out signals; meanwhile, 2 showed diamagnetic behaviour. The dissociation of the latest in solution and the stability of the “[Ni(9Accm)2]” unit were proved by further experiments in C5D5N. Additional UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence studies in solution were performed using exclusively 1. In the solid state MT vs. T and M/N B vs. H/T data were collected and fitted for 1 and 2; both systems display Ising plane anisotropy, with significant Dvalues. System 1 presented slow relaxation of the magnetization, displaying frequency dependence in the in-phase/out-phase ac magnetic susceptibility data, when an external dc field of 0.2 T was applied. Finally, 1 was deposited on a HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) substrate by spin-coating and analysed by AFM.Article
Novel Heteroleptic Iridium(III) Complexes Containing COUBPY Ligands for Effective Photoinduction of Ferroptosis for Cancer Therapy(American Chemical Society, 2025-12-20) Marchán Sancho, Vicente; Ashoo, Pezhman; Hernández-García, Alba; Izquierdo García, Eduardo; Santiago, Neus; Mondaray-Marín, Rebeca; Abad-Montero, Diego; Bosch, Marjolein D.; Isidro, Neus; Novikov, Valentin; Rocas, Josep; Santana, María Dolores; Ruiz, JoséFerroptosis, a recently described form of regulated, nonapoptotic cell death mechanism, presents significant potential for cancer treatment, particularly when combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of Ir-COUBPY complexes as novel photosensitizers (PSs) for effective cancer phototherapy. These complexes exhibit high stability under both dark and light conditions and are capable of photogenerating Type I and Type II reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as photo-oxidizing NADH. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy provided direct evidence of light-induced superoxide and singlet oxygen generation, confirming dual ROS pathways. Moreover, the Ir-COUBPY complexes preferentially accumulated in the mitochondria of cancer cells, leading to the photogeneration of hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Photocytotoxicity studies on HeLa and A375 cancer cells underscored the role of the COUBPY ligand in enhancing PDT efficiency upon irradiation with both green and red light. Among the Ir-COUBPY complexes, the most effective PS, Ir4a, was encapsulated in polyurethane−polyurea hybrid nanocapsules (NC-Ir4a), resulting in a significant increase in phototoxic index values (e.g., from 64 to 179.6 in A375 cells). Mechanistic studies confirmed ferroptosis as the primary cell death pathway induced by Ir4a, supported by light-dependent lipid peroxidation, glutathione oxidation and depletion, intracellular ATP photodepletion, and the viability-restoring effect of Fer-1. These effects were more pronounced upon nanoencapsulation. Photobiological studies with 3D tumor spheroids of A375 cells further confirmed higher cellular uptake of NC-Ir4a, contributing to improved phototoxic efficiency. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of coumarin-based COUBPY ligands in the design of new Ir(III)-based PSs that can be activated with light within the phototherapeutic window, operating through nonconventional cell death mechanisms such as ferroptosis.Article
Multi-Modal Constrastive Learning for Chemical Structure Elucidation with VibraCLIP(Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), 2025-11-11) Rocabert Oriols, Pau; Lopez, Noelia; Heras-Domingo, Javier; Lo Conte, CamillaIdentifying molecular structures from vibrational spectra is central to chemical analysis but remains challenging due to spectral ambiguity and the limitations of single-modality methods. While deep learning has advanced various spectroscopic characterization techniques, leveraging the complementary nature of infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies remains largely underexplored. We introduce VibraCLIP, a contrastive learning framework that embeds molecular graphs, IR and Raman spectra into a shared latent space. A lightweight fine-tuning protocol ensures generalization from theoretical to experimental datasets. VibraCLIP enables accurate, scalable, and data-efficient molecular identification, linking vibrational spectroscopy with structural interpretation. This tri-modal design captures rich structure–spectra relationships, achieving Top-1 retrieval accuracy of 81.7% and reaching 98.9% Top-25 accuracy with molecular mass integration. By integrating complementary vibrational spectroscopic signals with molecular representations, VibraCLIP provides a practical framework for automated spectral analysis, with potential applications in fields such as synthesis monitoring, drug development, and astrochemical detection.Article
Binding Studies of a Luminescent Pt(II) Organometallic Calix[4]pyrrole with Halide Salts(American Chemical Society, 2025-02-21) Lázaro Palacios, Ariadna; Valencia, Esteban; Ballester, Pablo; Rodríguez Raurell, LauraWe report the synthesis of a luminescent Pt(II) complex, PtL2, based on a “two-wall” aryl-extended calix[4]pyrrole (C[4]P). We characterize its binding properties as a receptor of methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (MTOA·Cl) in a dichloromethane solution. To this end, we performed 1H NMR and UV−vis spectroscopic titrations. The singular luminescent properties of PtL2 allowed the use of highly sensitive emission spectroscopy tomonitor the binding. The binding affinity of PtL2 for MTOA·Cl is 2-fold smaller than that of the C[4]P precursor. This difference is attributed to dissimilar anion−π interactions and binding geometries in the ion-paired complexes of the two receptors, (Cl⊂PtL2/C[4]P)@MTOA. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments revealed subtle differences in enthalpy and entropy. The entropic term, although negative, was very small, suggesting the relevance of the dissociation/association processes of the salt and the ion-paired complexes. We investigated the binding selectivity of PtL2 toward a series of halides in acetone solution favoring ion-pair dissociation. PtL2 binds chloride selectively and with a high affinity, producing mainly an anionic complex.
Article
Shortcut to Highly Fluorescent Perylene Derivatives: FromFluoranthene Fissure-Coupling to Late-Stage Aromatic Extension(Wiley-VCH, 2025-08-07) Capdevila, Lorena; Sala, Judith; Berga, Cristina; Aquino Samper, Araceli de; Parella, Teodor; Blancafort, Lluís; Rodríguez Raurell, Laura; Simon, Sílvia; Ribas, XaviAccess to extended perylene-based nanographenes (NGs) is severely limited and involves tedious multi-step synthetic procedures. Here a two-step synthesis shortcut to highly soluble, bent, and extended perylene-based NGs from a nonperylene aromatic homologation precursor is reported. Moreover, the resulting scaffold, tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP), is further extended by Pd-based postsynthetic ring fusion, taking advantage of the installation of an aminoquinoline directing group. The rational extension of the DBP scaffold allows synthesizing of highly NIR
fluorescent pure-red emitters (λem > 700 nm) with excellent quantum yields (ΦFI) up to 0.78. Thorough theoretical analysis sheds light on the correlation between λem, ΦFI, and scaffold molecular editing and extension, showcasing a rational design evolution process toward NGs with desired photophysical properties.
Article
Novel synthetic polymyxins kill Gram-positive bacteria(Oxford University Press, 2018-09-11) Rudilla Mateo, Héctor; Pérez Guillén, Isabel; Rabanal Anglada, Francesc; Sierra Ortigosa, Josep Maria; Vinuesa Aumedes, Teresa; Viñas, MiquelBackground: Staphylococcus aureus, including 'superbug' MRSA, is a major cause of nosocomial infections. In the European Union, up to 171 200 new nosocomial MRSA infections are acquired annually, and in the USA S. aureus causes more deaths than HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis combined. MRSA is also the first group of pathogens that infect the pulmonary tract in young patients with cystic fibrosis. Objectives: We describe two newly developed and synthesized colistin (polymyxin E)-inspired molecules. Methods: A collection of several isolates of S. aureus [including MRSA and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)] was tested. To check the antimicrobial activity, we performed time-kill curves, growth curves, biofilm eradication, toxicity and isothermal titration calorimetry. Results: Both peptides showed high antimicrobial activities (MIC 4 mg/L) and low relative toxicities (selectivity index close to 23). Conclusions: Successful production of polymyxin-scaffold molecules active against S. aureus, both MRSA and VRSA, opens up new approaches to the treatment of these complicated infections.Article
A Cathepsin B-Triggered CO-Releasing Molecule with a Non-Toxic Metal Core for Targeted Tumor Delivery(Wiley-VCH, 2025-11-07) Cernauskiene, Inga; Izquierdo García, Eduardo; Keller, Sarah; Betts, Harley; Cariou, Kevin; Marchán Sancho, Vicente; Gasser, Gilles; Bernardes, Gonçalo J. L.Carbon monoxide (CO) has shown therapeutic potential across various diseases, including cancer. To enable controlled delivery, many CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) have been developed. However, their clinical translation has been limited due to concerns about stability, potential toxicity, and insufficient targeting ability. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of an enzyme-triggered CO-releasing molecule (ET-CORM) that can be site-specifically conjugated to antibodies. This novel ET-CORM is built on a biocompatible iron core, and releases CO upon cleavage by the cancer-associated protease cathepsin B (CatB). The incorporation of a bioorthogonal handle into ET-CORM enabled its efficient and site-specific conjugation to the clinically used antibody trastuzumab via the interchain disulfide bonds. The resulting ET-CORM–antibody conjugate (ET-CORM-Ab) exhibited an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 6.8, corresponding to approximately 20 CO molecules per conjugate. This construct allowed for selective intracellular CO delivery to HER2-overexpressing and CatB-expressing cells in vitro. This study represents a metal-based CORM–antibody conjugate activated by a tumor-associated enzymatic trigger, opening new avenues for investigating CO-mediated effects and advancing CO-based cancer therapies to the clinics.Article
Insights into type I photoreactivity of cyclometalated iridium(III) and ruthenium(II) photosensitizers(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025-10-27) Vigueras, Gloria; Marchán Sancho, Vicente; Ruiz, JoséPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-activated treatment that relies on the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). While most clinically approved photosensitizers (PSs) operate through a type II mechanism—based on energy transfer to molecular oxygen—their efficacy is often compromised in hypoxic tumor microenvironments. In this context, type I PSs capable of initiating electron or hydrogen atom transfer reactions have gained increasing attention due to their reduced dependency on oxygen levels. In this Feature Article, we review recent advances in cyclometalated iridium- and ruthenium-based PSs exhibiting type I photoreactivity, highlighting representative examples from both our own work and the literature. Although rational design strategies are still emerging, selected examples demonstrate how subtle modifications in complex architecture, ligand environment, or metal center identity can influence the balance between type I and type II pathways. In particular, we outline conceptual design motifs—such as cyclometalation with thiophenyl-based ligands, conjugation with fluorophores such as coumarin or BODIPY, and multinuclear architectures—that have been explored to enhance electron-transfer reactivity under hypoxic conditions. Beyond photophysical considerations, we discuss common challenges in the experimental identification of type I mechanisms and emphasize the importance of biologically relevant models, such as 3D cell cultures, for evaluating PS performance. Ultimately, we offer a perspective on how molecular design can be tailored to meet the demands of next-generation PDT agents, aiming to improve therapeutic outcomes in low-oxygen tumor microenvironments, which are characteristic of highly aggressive and treatment-resistant tumors.