Articles publicats en revistes (Arts Conservació-Restauració)

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New insights into the chronology of the Les Ferreres Aqueduct (Tarragona, Spain) by combining petrographic analyses and OSL dating on lime mortars
(Elsevier, 2025-10-07) Sanjurjo Sánchez, Jorge; Guash-Ferré, N.; Pitarch Martí, África; Badia Cortada, Marta; Menchon Bes, Joan; Casas i Duocastella, Lluís; Prada Perez, José Luís
The Les Ferreres bridge is a Roman aqueduct located in the municipality of Tarragona, Spain. It was constructed to supply water from the Francolí River to the ancient city of Tarraco. This aqueduct stands out as one of the most monumental and well-preserved examples from Roman times, and was listed as a UNESCO's World Heritage Site in 2000. From 2010 to 2015, a comprehensive restoration project was undertaken, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and the Tarragona City Council. The initiative involved conservation issues, cleaning of the monument, investigating the origin of the raw materials used to build it, and determining the construction age. The characterisation of the mortars allowed us to know, for the first time, that several types of mortars were used during the construction of the bridge, clearly different to other ones used in historical repairs. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of these mortars provides key information for the use of optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) in their dating, to provide insights into the construction phases and historical development of the aqueduct. Despite the heterogeneity of the mortar components, which added complexity to the dating process, the obtained OSL ages aligns with the historical and archaeological studies, providing new data about the chronology with unknown repairs during the Late Roman period.
New Strategies in Archaeometric Provenance Analyses of Volcanic Rock Grinding Stones: Examples from Iulia Libica (Spain) and Sidi Zahruni (Tunisia)
(MDPI, 2024-07-01) Casas i Duocastella, Lluís; Di Febo, Roberta; Anglisano, Anna; Pitarch Martí, África; Queralt, Ignasi; Carreras, Cesar; Fouzai, Boutheina
Archaeometry can help archaeologists in many ways, and one of the most common archaeometric objectives is provenance analysis. Volcanic rocks are often found in archaeological sites as materials used to make grinding tools such as millstones and mortars or as building materials. Petrographic characterization is commonly applied to identify their main mineralogical components. However, the provenance study of volcanic stones is usually undertaken by comparing geochemical data from reference outcrops using common descriptive statistical tools such as biplots of chemical elements, and occasionally, unsupervised multivariate data analysis like principal component analysis (PCA) is also used. Recently, the use of supervised classification methods has shown a superior performance in assigning provenance to archaeological samples. However, these methods require the use of reference databases for all the possible provenance classes in order to train the classification models. The existence of comprehensive collections of published geochemical analyses of igneous rocks enables the use of the supervised approach for the provenance determination of volcanic stones. In this paper, the provenance of volcanic grinding tools from two archaeological sites (Iulia Libica, Spain, and Sidi Zahruni, Tunisia) is attempted using data from the GEOROC database through unsupervised and supervised approaches. The materials from Sidi Zahruni have been identified as basalts from Pantelleria (Italy), and the agreement between the different supervised classification models tested is particularly conclusive. In contrast, the provenance of the materials from Iulia Libica remained undetermined. The results illustrate the advantages and limitations of all the examined methods.
Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging to Evaluate the Efficacy of Micro-Structured Cellulose Foams and Poultices in Wall Painting Desalination
(Chemistry Europe, 2025-08-29) Romani, Martina; Gómez Laserna, Olivia; Caruso, Francesco; García Garrido, Jaime; Tejado, Alvaro; Nualart i Torroja, Anna; Pitarch Martí, África; Lizundia, Erlantz; Maguregui, Maite
The crystallization of soluble salts poses a significant challenge tomural painting conservation. While cellulose poultices are widelyused to desalinate mural paintings due to their high absorptionand ease of handling, their effectiveness within the porous networkof wall paintings remains a complex issue. For the first time,this study explores the potential of micro-structured cellulosebasedfoams as an alternative to conventional poultices for desalinatingfresco wall paintings. A laboratory experiment comparedthe efficacy of foams and poultices, using fresco wall paintingmock-ups (produced with the Roman technique) that were vacuum-impregnated with salt solutions (chlorides, sulfates, and mixtures).Short and long application times were considered, andfoam reusability across multiple application cycles was assessed.Micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ-EDXRF) imagingwas employed to quantitatively evaluate salt content reduction,both superficially and throughout the mock-up stratigraphy.Results show that foams are considerably more effective thanpoultices, achieving a salt removal efficiency between 6 and10 times higher. The uniform micro-porous foam network enablesfaster desalination, reducing treatment risks and minimizingwaste while supporting circular economy principles. This studyalso demonstrates the utility of μ-EDXRF imaging in monitoringdesalination efficacy for both surface and cross-section analyseswhen assessing new desalination protocols.
Ochre use during the Upper Palaeolithic: a continuous record from Finca Doña Martina and Abrigo de la Boja rock-shelters, Mula, Murcia, Spain.
(Elsevier Ltd., 2025-08-02) Rosso, Daniela Eugenia; Pitarch Martí, África; Orange, François; Zapata, Josefina; Zilhão, João
The use of colour is a common feature in Upper Palaeolithic sites. However, the analysis of ochre assemblages recovered in residential contexts is rarely the object of systematic analyses. Here we analyse two ochre assemblages, recovered in the Upper Palaeolithic levels of two sites, Abrigo de la Boja and Finca Doña Martina, located in Mula, Spain: 407 and 35 ochre pieces respectively, spanning the entire Upper Palaeolithic. We combined a technological analysis with an elemental and mineralogical characterisation of the archaeological ochre and natural ochre pieces collected in nearby outcrops. Our findings suggest that the inhabitants of the sites collected ochre of different compositions, from different proveniences. They consistently processed ochre using the same techniques throughout, probably to produce large quantities of powder and for a variety of purposes of a symbolic or functional nature.
CUEVA DE ARDALES: UN CASO DE ESTUDIO PARA COMPRENDER EL PAPEL SIMBÓLICO DE LAS CUEVAS EN EL PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO
(Editorial La Serranía S. L. - Instituto de Estudios de Ronda y La Serranía (IERS), 2022-06-30) Pitarch Martí, África; D'Errico, Francesco; Zilhao, Joao
Junto con las cuevas de Maltravieso (Cáceres) y La Pasiega (Cantabria), la cueva de Ardales (Málaga) alberga pinturas de al menos 65.500 años de antigüedad, siendo estas las más antiguas encontradas hasta el momento. Recientemente, se ha publicado un estudio cuyo objetivo era determinar la naturaleza y origen del pigmento rojo que conforma uno de los paneles datados por uranio-torio, el panel II.A.3 de la Cueva de Ardales. Los resultados del estudio en cuestión, confirman que las marcas rojas son un pigmento a base de ocre aplicado intencionada y repetidamente a lo largo del Paleolítico medio. Asimismo, la comparación de estos residuos con las muestras geológicas recogidas en la cueva sugiere que el pigmento utilizado para la elaboración de las pinturas proviene de un afloramiento situado en el exterior de la cavidad. En la presente contribución, retomamos dicho estudio para hacer una síntesis de los resultados más relevantes y para explorar sus implicaciones en base a otros casos de uso simbólico de entornos subterráneos por parte de los neandertales.
Evidence for symbolic use of ochre by MicoquianNeanderthals in Crimea
(American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2025-10-29) D'Errico, Francesco; Mauran, Guilhem; Pitarch Martí, África; Majkic, Ana; Stepanchuk, Vadim
Ochre use is widely regarded as a potential marker of symbolic behavior in Paleolithic societies. We conducted amultiproxy analysis of 16 ochre pieces from Middle Paleolithic Micoquian sites in Crimea [Zaskalnaya V (ZSKV),ZSKVI, and Prolom II] and mainland Ukraine (Mukhovets), spanning up to 70,000 years. Using portable x-rayfluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and technological analysis,we identified deliberate modifications including grinding, scoring, flaking, and scraping. Three pieces (ZSKV-05,ZSKV-06, and ZSKV-07) show features exceeding utilitarian use: One is shaped into a crayon-liketool with repeated resharpening, another appears to be a crayon fragment, and a third bears engraved, polished surfaces. Thesetraits suggest the intentional production of marks and curated use. While practical applications (e.g., hide processing)remain plausible for other specimens, the evidence supports symbolic use among some Crimean Neanderthals.Our results highlight their cognitive complexity and underscore the importance of regional, multiproxyapproaches in evaluating the emergence of symbolic material culture.
Intervenció de conservació-restauració de la taula central del retaule de Sant Sebastià de Sant Jeroni de la Murtra(Badalona). Estudi de la tècnica i els materials emprats per l’artista/es.
(Museu de Badalona, 2023) Ruiz Formento, Rosa Marina
La intervenció de conservació-restauració de la taula central del retaule de Sant Sebastià del monestir de Sant Jeroni de la Murtra (Badalona), ha permès dur a terme un estudi detallat de la tècnica pictòrica i dels materials originals emprats en la seva execució, així com identificar els estrats afegits en intervencions històriques posteriors. Les dades analítiques obtingudes constitueixen una aportació significativa per a la recerca sobre l’autoria de l’obra.
Valoración Del Patrimonio Cultural Atlas Del Patrimonio Cultural De Centro Habana
(Universidad Tecnológica de La Habana José Antonio Echeverría, 2010) Rey, Gina; Ríos Díaz, Marién
Las tendencias más actuales para la valoración del patrimonio cultural, muestran diferentes metodologías a utilizar para su clasificación. Una de ellas es el Atlas del Patrimonio Cultural, el que fue utilizado en el estudio de la detección de valores del territorio de Centro Habana. Su contenido aborda una caracterización y síntesis de la problemática actual y la valorización de su patrimonio cultural, tanto tangible como intangible. Además, se propone la puesta en valor de ese patrimonio, a partir de la información recopilada.
Comparative evaluation of fossil bone bioconsolidation via two endogenous bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis and Sporosarcina pasteurii
(Elsevier, 2026-02) Marín Ortega, Sílvia; Iglesias Campos, M. A. (Manuel Ángel); Calvo Torras, Ma. de los Ángeles
This research evaluates microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) generated by means of two endogenous bacterial strains inhabiting Titanochelon richardi (formerly Cheirogaster richardi) fossil bone remains; in this case, Bacillus subtilis and Sporosarcina pasteurii. Both bacterial strains were inoculated on different samples to study their possible effectiveness and to verify whether an improvement in the cohesion and mechanical strength of the fossil surface is achieved by the formation of a bioconsolidated carbonate matrix within the specimen. Treatment chemical compatibility was also considered as well as non-occurrence of noticeable changes in the main properties and appearance of the substrate. Several methods were used to analyse and compare samples before and after treatment and the benefits and limitations of both treatments, including ATP analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, surface roughness analysis, pH and conductivity measurements, weight monitoring, water absorption tests, Vickers microindentation, peeling tape test and spectrophotometry. Results indicate that both strains, with some differences between them, significantly improved fossil hardness and cohesion by filling pores, valleys and fissures and by binding disaggregated particles with minimal impact on surface topography and appearance. Weight, pH and conductivity hardly changed, while porosity was reduced but not blocked. Overall, bioconsolidation with both strains proved to be effective and highly compatible with carbonate fossil bones, making it a feasible, suitable and alternative treatment for these substrates. Furthermore, bacterial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation is a safe and environmentally sustainable technique for consolidation treatments.
Microblasting of powdered lignocellulosic particles: Cleaning of a wooden joint cover of a medieval coffered ceiling
(Elsevier, 2026-01-02) Nualart i Torroja, Anna; Pitarch Martí, África; Bautista Morenilla, Iris; Iglesias Campos, M. A. (Manuel Ángel)
Mechanical methods used for cleaning unpolychromed wooden heritage in conservation-restoration rely on procedures that entail pressure and friction, potentially leading to erosion or material loss on the treated surface. In addition, certain methods, such as the use of sponges or erasers, very often leave residues that could affect the long-term conservation of wood due to their chemical composition. The aim of this work is to assess the feasibility of using microblasting with powdered lignocellulosic particles for cleaning unpolychromed wood on a heritage artwork. The investigation aims to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of this technique as a sensitive and sustainable alternative to the most common techniques used by conservator-restorers for unpolychromed wood cleaning. The cleaning results of microblasting of lignocellulosic particles are qualitatively compared to those achieved by traditional dry-cleaning techniques on wood. This study is based on previous research that examined the effects of this technique on non-heritage wooden samples using hazelnut and almond shells, cork and pure cellulose powdered particles. The investigation aimed to assess potential morphological surface changes and to determine the degree of cleaning qualitatively without causing damage to the wood surface. Additionally, the study allowed the development of a cleaning protocol by selecting the specific particle size, and by adjusting pressure, an- gle, distance and time to surface soiling characteristics and wood typology according to the limited bib- liographic references available. From these results, tests were conducted on the back side of a wooden joint cover dating back to between the 14th and 16th centuries from one of the ceilings of the Monastery of Santa María de Pedralbes. The joint cover was weakened and affected by fungi and woodworm after centuries of outdoor climate exposure. To evaluate the cleaning efficiency and the resulting effects on wood, the surface was analysed by digital optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy before and after cleaning. Star diagrams were also made to assess the fulfilment of the cleaning criteria selected for the study. Results indicate that when the technique is applied properly, an appropriate cleaning level can be achieved without compromising the fragile treated surface and with negligible presence of residues. Therefore, this approach emerges as a promising and environmentally friendly technique, respectful to the integrity of the heritage wooden artworks.
Evaluation of carbonated fossil bone consolidation by induction of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in a Miocene Cheirogaster richardi specimen
(Elsevier, 2024-09-09) Marín Ortega, Sílvia; Iglesias Campos, M. A. (Manuel Ángel); Calvo Torras, Ma. de los Ángeles
In this research, calcium hydroxide nanoparticles, as a carbonate consolidation method, have been evaluated on carbonated fossil bone samples from decontextualized Cheirogaster richardi specimens’ fragments.The main objective was to assess whether the treatment improved fossil bone surface cohesion and mechanical strength by creating a consolidated carbonate matrix in fossil substrate. Treatment penetration capacity and chemical compatibility without causing observable alterations in substrate porosity and external appearance were considered as significant questions to be assessed. Samples were analysed both before and after treatment using scanning electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, weight measurement control, water absorption assessment, conductivity and pH measurement, Vickers microindentation and tape testing. During analysis and evaluation, changes in fossil bone after treatment compared to its original condition have been taken into account.Results point out that hardness and cohesion increased significantly after treatment, bonding together disaggregated particles via a calcium carbonate micrometric layer, with almost negligible changes in surface topography and colour. In addition, calcium hydroxide nanoparticles penetration depth was remarkable. Conductivity, pH and weight hardly changed and porosity reduction was observed without complete pore blockage. To sum up, the treatment was effective and suitable for carbonate fossil bones having a highly compatibility with carbonate fossil bones substrates.
Retracción
(Institut Independent de Crítica i Art Contemporani, 2020-11-09) Freixas, Gerard
Revista d'art i pensament crític mensual en línia. S'edita en format trilingüe, català, castellà i anglès.
Beyond skills: reflections on the tacit knowledge-brain-cognition nexus on heritage conservators
(Springer Open, 2024-12-01) Otero Hermo, Jorge
The conventional perception of heritage conservators’ knowledge has primarily focused on their explicit knowledge rooted between science and humanities. However, this perspective on their knowledge is imprecise and often overlooks other intangible dimensions, particularly their accumulated practical (hands-on) tacit knowledge, which extends beyond the traditional view and is often reduced to a mere skill. This comment/perspective article challenges this traditional view and aims to explore the significance of this ineffable knowledge and the possible implications of repetitive practical sensorimotor motions on the conservator's brain, embodied cognition, intuition, and decision-making. This new vision aims to reflect on how we understand the scope of knowledge of worldwide heritage conservators and to open new doors for research and interdisciplinary collaborations.
Investigación artística, una propuesta para su demarcación conceptual y su evaluación bajo el nuevo paradigma de reforma de la Coalición Internacional para el Avance de la Evaluación en Investigación (CoARA)
(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2024) Crespo, Bibiana
Con el objetivo de determinar un marco conceptual y un posicionamiento teorético-procedimental sobre el significado y lo que conforma la investigación artística con relación a la práctica artística y su evaluación, este artículo presenta un contexto referencial y ofrece una serie de aportaciones con el propósito de contribuir al conocimiento de la investigación artística a fin de mejorar los procesos de evaluación y acreditación. Las argumentaciones se inician situando la génesis y legitimidad de la investigación artística para posteriormente centrarse en su delimitación conceptual, diferenciando la investigación dentro de la práctica de aquella que se da dentro del ámbito académico-científico; y seguidamente exponer las tres distintas categorías que la práctica artística puede ostentar respecto a la investigación, analizar las derivadas terminológicas, y examinar los parámetros para determinar el uso riguroso de la práctica en la investigación. A continuación, el debate se focaliza en la evaluación de la investigación artística dentro del marco de la reforma de la evaluación de la investigación que a nivel europeo se está implementando según los principios del acuerdo de 2022 de la Coalición Internacional para el Avance de la Evaluación en Investigación (CoARA, por sus siglas en inglés). Se presentan orientaciones y propuestas para incorporar criterios de evaluación ad hoc a la investigación artística bajo este nuevo paradigma.
Correlation tests between relative light unit and colony forming unit for improving adenosine triphosphate Bioluminescence analysis in bacterial consolidation treatments on palaeontological heritage
(John Wiley & Sons, 2022-12-12) Marín Ortega, Sílvia; Calvo Torras, Ma. de los Ángeles; Iglesias Campos, M. A. (Manuel Ángel)
In this article bacterial carbonate mineralization treatments are proposed as a novel strategy for decayed fossils and palaeontological heritage conservation; specifically, by means of inoculation of Myxococcus xanthus, a bacterium of proven effectiveness in ornamental stone bioconsolidation. Bioconsolidation treatments can be very effective, stable, nontoxic, environmentally friendly, and chemically compatible with fossil heritage. The method reproduces what nature has been doing for millennia with fossils that have been permineralized by bacterial calcium carbonate precipitation. There is, however, some concern that bacterial inoculation could lead to the growth of undesirable microbiota, which could subsequently damage the fossil substrate. Because of this, the use of bacteria on heritage items must be meticulously monitored and analysis strategies should be carried out to detect bacteria viability during and after treatments. For this purpose, adenosine triphosphate assay is proposed in this article as a fast, affordable, portable, and easy-to-use system for conservators. as ATP assay results are relative and difficult to relate to colony forming unit, this study aims to improve their applicability by examining the correlation between ATP analysis and total viable bacteria count in the specific case of M. xanthus. This research provides reference and correlatable data to obtain an approximate estimation of M. xanthus viable bacterial colonies based on relative light unit data.
Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation in fossilconsolidation treatments: Preliminary results inducing exogenousMyxococcus xanthus bacteria in a miocene Cheirogasterrichardi specimen
(Elsevier, 2023-07-22) Marín Ortega, Sílvia; Calvo Torras, Ma. de los Ángeles; Iglesias Campos, M. A. (Manuel Ángel)
This research paper proposes Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) as an innovative approach for palaeontological heritage conservation, specifically on deteriorated carbonate fossils. Due to its efficiency in bioconsolidation of carbonate ornamental rocks, Myxococcus xanthus inoculation on carbonate fossils was studied in this research.Treatment was tested on nine fossil samples from decontextualized fragments of Cheirogaster richardi specimens (Can Mata site, Hostalets de Pierola, Catalonia, Spain). The main objective was to evaluate whether treatment with Myxococcus xanthus improved fossil surface cohesion and hardness and mechanical strength without significant physicochemical and aesthetic changes to the surface. Chemical compatibility of the treatment, penetration capacity and absence of noticeable changes in substrate porosity were considered as important issues to be evaluated. Samples were analysed, before and after treatment, by scanning electron microscopy, weight control, spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, water absorption analysis, pH and conductivity control, Vickers microindentation and tape test. Results show that hardness increases by a factor of almost two. Cohesion also increases and surface disaggregated particles are bonded together by a calcium carbonate micrometric layer with no noticeable changes in surface roughness. Colour and gloss variations are negligible, and pH, conductivity and weight hardly change. Slight changes in porosity were observed but without total pore clogging. To sum up, results indicate that Myxococcus xanthus biomineralisation is an effective consolidation treatment for carbonate fossils and highly compatible with carbonate substrates. Furthermore, bacterial precipitation of calcium carbonate is a safe and eco-friendly consolidation treatment.
Non-Invasive Characterisation of Bromoil Prints by External Reflection FTIR Spectroscopy
(MDPI, 2024-12-01) Freixas-Jambert, R.; Ruiz Recasens, Cristina; Nieto-Villena, A.; Oriola Folch, Marta
The bromoil process, developed in 1907, was a photographic technique highly esteemed by pictorialist photographers for its capacity for image manipulation, which aligns its expressiveness with traditional pictorial techniques. Despite the artistic and technical value of bromoils and their prevalence in renowned collections, there is little research on their composition and structural characteristics. This study uses non-invasive external reflection FTIR spectroscopy to characterise 16 bromoil prints dating from the 1920s to 2010. FTIR spectroscopy allowed the discrimination of key components such as cellulose, gelatine, pigments, and oils, elucidating the structural and compositional complexity of bromoil prints. The study presents new perspectives on the traditionally recognised structure of bromoil prints, based on FTIR spectroscopy results along with evidence from microscopic examination, particularly regarding the role of certain strata in their identification. These results suggest a need to reconsider the understanding and characterisation of bromoil prints in relation to the currently available literature. This research also proposes a measurement model adapted to the studied samples and addresses the advantages and limitations found in the different types of equipment used. It thus proposes a key methodology for the identification and provides a source for the physicochemical studies of photographic processes
The hidden verso. Discovery of a currently dispersed Gothic ensemble through the study of its support O reverso que não vemos. Achado de um conjunto gótico atualmente disperso a partir do estudo do suporte El reverso que no vemos. Hallazgo de un conjunto gótico actualmente disperso a partir del estudio del soporte
(Grupo Español del International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 2022-12-01) Bautista Morenilla, Iris; Nualart i Torroja, Anna; Oriola Folch, Marta
Este estudio confirma que el frontal de santa Eugenia (MAD 121, París) y los laterales de Ribes (MEV, 9494/9495) formaban una única obra que originalmente guarnecía el altar principal de la iglesia románica de santa Eugenia de Saga (Cerdaña, Cataluña). Al conjunto se le perdió el rastro tras la venta del frontal a un anticuario francés en 1896. Frontal y laterales no se habían vuelto a poner en relación debido a las diferencias de la policromía y a su supuesta procedencia distinta hasta la realización de esta investigación.
Las evidencias han sido halladas mediante el análisis científico del soporte y el estudio de los vestigios de policromía conservados en los marcos de las tres tablas. Esta es la segunda vez que se ha demostrado la unidad de los elementos disociados de un mismo mueble de altar del período del gótico lineal a partir del estudio del soporte, hecho que pone de relieve la importancia de los estudios técnicos de conservación-restauración.
Desafectación del lenguaje en los medios audiovisuales.
(Editorial Graó, 1998-10-01) Fortuny-Agramunt, Jaume
A partir de una breve consideración acerca de la actividad audiovisual, el autor ilustra las zonas de sombra en la institución docente respecto a la apreciación crítica de la expresión artística; pretendiendo transmitir sugerencias que lleven a la reflexión sobre una práctica educativa que evite la actual desafectación del lenguaje a causa de la mitomanía técnico-industrial.
Els mercenaris de l'art d'avantguarda confonen originalitat per ocurrència.
(Fundació Espais d'art contemporani, 1994-11-01) Fortuny-Agramunt, Jaume
El trànsit del segle XIX al segle XX comporta un canvi de la visió del món, la qual deriva el concepte de geni cap al de contestatari. Múltiples formulacions coincideixen amb una mateixa eclosió axiològica: l'avantguardisme heroic. Aquest és fonamentalment un fenomen cultural de signe negatiu, crític i combatiu, amb l'oposició a la reificació de les formes culturals objectives com raó primera. La crisi del segle XIX desenvolupa l'Estètica contemporània fins desplaçar la tradicional categoria de Bellesa com fonamentació de la reflexió estètica i de la praxis artística. L'àmbit de la intersecció entre Estètica i Creativitat assumeix, de llavors ençà i de manera creixent, un paper supracategorial. Allò bell deixa un espai vacu genèric, superior en jerarquia - supracategorial- que es ocupat per l'axioma de la genialitat romàntica: l'originalitat. La idea, sense l'abillament sensible, ja no necessita de l'art. Abans la Bellesa era sorprenent quan apareixia, però amb la noció d´avantguarda és el sorprenent de l'artista el que és entés com allò bell. A l'avantguarda l´experiència estètica no se´ns vol provocar per emoció sinó per commoció. Avui, els intents de crítics com Kuspit per mantenir el concepte d'avantguarda redefinint-la com allò que encara té sentit a través de l'actitud obscena, són la prova de la drogadicció al concepte d'avantguarda. El problema és una qüestió axiològica, perquè no pot heure judici de valor on l'originalitat és la subjectivitat desenvolupada amb la reflexió sobre la recuperació, o no, de diverses alternatives artístiques purament plàstiques o conceptuals, o en concomitància. Aquesta original relectura, més que tendència avantguardista és una avantguarda tendenciosa, adicta a la dinàmica de mercat.

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