Llibres / Capítols de llibre (Medicina)

URI permanent per a aquesta col·leccióhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/32207

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Myositis and Cancer
(IntechOpen, 2011) Prieto González, Sergio; Lazo, Vladimir; Trallero Araguas, Ernesto; Selva O'Callaghan, Albert; Grau Junyent, Josep M. (Josep Maria)
The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), classically dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM), are acquired systemic autoimmune disorders defined by chronic muscle weakness and inflammation of unknown aetiology. The combination of clinical, laboratory, electromyographic, and histological features is the basis of diagnosis, as well as exclusion of several mimicking conditions (Bohan & Peter, 1975; Dalakas & Hohlfeld, 2003; Mann et al, 2010; Mastaglia & Phillips, 2002). IIM are the most common causes of acquired muscle disease in adults, but are still rare conditions with an estimated overall prevalence of 50 to 100 cases per million (Oddis et al., 1990; Prieto & Grau 2010; Wilson et al., 2008). In recent years, taking into account additional clinical, immunological and histological features, new phenotypes among IIM, such as antisynthetase syndrome, autoimmune necrotizing myopathy, connective tissue disorder-associated myositis, or cancer-associated myositis (CAM), have been described (Cox et al., 2010; Dalakas, 2010; Dimachkie, 2011; Rider & Miller, 2011; Targoff, 2008). The association between cancer and IIM has been widely reported in the medical literature, particularly in DM patients (Buchbinder et al., 2001; Sigurgeirsson et al., 1992). Cancer screening is a common practice in patients recently diagnosed with IIM, but there is not consensus about how, and how often screening should be performed. The aim of this chapter is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and histological reported features about CAM, to analyze the current potentially approach to preclude malignancy in IIM, and to provide an advisable algorithm in the diagnosis of occult cancer in myositis.
Effects of dietary fiber intake on cardiovascular risk factors
(IntechOpen, 2012-03-21) Arranz Martínez, Sara; Medina Remón, Alexander; Lamuela Raventós, Rosa Ma.; Estruch Riba, Ramon
A healthy dietary pattern is characterized by a high consumption of non-refined grains, legumes, nuts, fruits and vegetables; relatively high intake of total fat, mainly derived from olive oil; moderate to high intake of fish and poultry; dairy products (usually as yogurt or cheese) in small amounts; low consumption of red meat and meat products; and moderate alcohol intake, usually in the form of red wine with meals (Willett et al., 1995). Therefore, a high consumption of fiber-rich foods is one of the characteristic features of a healthy diet. Dietary fiber (DF) has received much attention in nutritional epidemiology. Observational studies have consistently shown that DF intake is associated with reduced cardiovascular risk, including ischemic heart disease (Rimm et al., 1996a; Todd et al., 1999; Liu et al., 2002; Mozaffarian et al., 2003a) and stroke (Ascherio et al., 1998; Oh et al., 2005; Salmeron et al., 1997)), and a lower risk of diabetes (Meyer et al., 2000; Liu, 2003b). Clinical trials have also suggested that DF supplementation has beneficial effects on risk factors, such as blood pressure, serum lipids, insulin sensitivity and diabetic metabolic control (Streppel et al., 2005b; Brown et al., 1999; Anderson et al., 2000; Chandalia et al., 2000a; Ludwig et al., 1999).
La tendencia a la mercantilización de partes del cuerpo humano y de la intimidad en investigación con muestras biológicas y datos (pequeños y masivos)
(Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2017) Lecuona Ramírez, Itziar de
La investigación en seres humanos debe ser evaluada por comités de ética multidisciplinares e independientes como garantía de calidad y de respeto por los derechos e intereses de los participantes e implicados.1 En cuanto miembro de dos Comités de Ética de Investigación (cei),2 soy testigo de la creciente tendencia a la mercantilización de muestras biológicas de origen humano y de datos de carácter personal. Las partes del cuerpo humano ―incluidas las muestras biológicas― y los datos de carácter personal ―y por lo tanto la intimidad― se monetizan en una sociedad que apuesta por la investigación científica y tecnológica como dinamizadora del progreso económico y social. La investigación y las aplicaciones científico-tecnológicas son noticia prácticamente a diario en los medios de comunicación, incluidos los suplementos dedicados a economía, que últimamente describen el impacto de la digitalización en los negocios, las bondades del análisis de datos masivos y los triunfos de las biotecnológicas ibéricas.3 Considero que, en ocasiones, las prácticas en investigación relacionadas con las muestras biológicas de origen humano almacenadas en biobancos, y los flujos de datos de carácter personal en la investigación con datos masivos de carácter público, pueden no ajustarse a los fines establecidos, supuestamente orientados al bien común y al interés público.
La comercialización de la genética
(Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 2017) Barrot i Feixat, Carme
El estudio del genoma humano ha permitido llegar a conocer la implicación de la herencia en la salud de las personas o la predisposición a que se pueda manifestar en el largo plazo algún trastorno. No siempre se ha encontrado una solución médica a estas enfermedades, en algunos casos se establece un control preventivo para poder actuar tan pronto se manifieste y optar por la utilización de medicamentos poco agresivos. Estos conocimientos han atraído a nuevos empresarios para crear nuevos negocios, especialmente en Internet, donde por un módico precio de aproximadamente 300 euros (1, 2) se puede comprar un kit para obtener unas muestras que, con posterioridad, se enviarán a una dirección donde se determinará la sensibilidad a una o diversas enfermedades. Los últimos resultados de búsqueda por la red permiten encontrar empresas que venden un sistema en el cual el mismo paciente-cliente es quien realizará los análisis y obtendrá un resultado...
Invasive pneumococcal disease in children: Risk factors and vaccine effectiveness
(Research Signpost, 2016) Ciruela, Pilar; Soldevila, Núria; Izquierdo, Conchita; Hernández, Sergi; Domínguez García, Àngela
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The overall incidence of IPD in Catalonia in 2005-2009 was 16.6 per 100,000 persons-year, 66.4 in children aged < 2 years and 50.7 in children aged 2-4 years. 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) coverage in Catalonia is intermediate. A prospective matched case-control study in children aged 3-59 months treated at two hospitals in Catalonia during 2007-2009 was performed. Potential risk factors for IPD and PCV7 effectiveness in preventing IPD were investigated. 293 cases and 785 controls were included. Attendance at daycare or school was a risk factor for IPD (aOR 3.07, 95% CI 1.97-4.78) and the effectiveness of PCV7 against vaccine serotypes was 93.7% (95% CI 51.8 -99.2).
Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences VI
(Research Signpost, 2016) Muñoz-Torrero López-Ibarra, Diego; Domínguez García, Àngela; Manresa Presas, Ma. Ángeles (María Ángeles)
This E-book is the sixth volume of a series that compiles contributions from different areas of the multidisciplinary field of Pharmaceutical Sciences, particularly phisical chemistry, food science, toxicology, botany, biochemistry and molecular biology, preventive medicine and public health, pharmacology, physiology, microbiology, and parasitology.
Epidemiology of measles virus outbreaks in Catalonia: importance of immunization in the elimination era
(Research Signpost, 2014) Torner Gràcia, Núria; Borràs López, Eva; Martínez, Ana; Domínguez García, Àngela
Eradicating measles represents a major public health achievement, yet outbreaks still occur in territories where endemic measles virus (MV) had been eliminated. In Catalonia from the year 2000 cases have occurred as isolated cases or small outbreaks, both linked to imported cases up to the end of 2006 when a large outbreak started out affecting mainly children ≤15m. In consequence, immunization schedule was amended lowering first dose to 12m. Again new MV importations from neighboring countries triggered another outbreak on November 2010 with a different age distribution sparing small children from infection. Differences in incidence (IR), rate ratio (RR) and 95% CI and hospitalization rate (HR) by age group were determined. Statistic z was used for comparing proportions. Total number of confirmed cases was 305 vs 381 in 2006; mean age 20 yrs (SD 14.8yrs; 3m -51yrs) vs 15m (SD13.1yrs; 1m-50yrs). Highest proportion of cases was set in ≥25yrs (47%) vs 24.2% in 2006 (p<0.001). Difference in IR for ≤ 15m was statistically significant (49/100,000 vs 278.2/100,000; RR:3.9; 95%CI 2.9-5.4) and in HR 30.2% vs 15.7% (p<0.001). The change of the month of administration of the first dose proved successful. Given the current epidemiological situation, continued awareness and efforts to reach young adult population are needed to stop the spread of the virus.
Occurrence of patulin in organic and conventional apple juice. Risk assessment
(Transworld Research Network, 2013) Piqué Benages, Maria Esther; Vargas Murga, Liliana; Gómez Catalán, Jesús; Llobet Mallafré, Joan M. (Joan Maria)
Organic foods are promoted as environmentally friendly and its consumption has become increasingly popular. Nevertheless, organic farming practices could produce commodities more susceptible to fungal attack and as a result, food with higher levels of mycotoxins. Patulin is a mycotoxin mainly present in apples and apple-based products. In this paper, we report our recent results and an update of the patulin occurrence and their risk in conventional and organic apple juices around Europe.
Recent advances in pharmaceutical sciences III
(Transworld Research Network, 2013) Muñoz-Torrero López-Ibarra, Diego; Cortés Lucas, Amparo; Mariño Hernández, Eduardo L.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid and its metabolites in solid organ transplant recipient
(Transworld Research Network, 2012) Colom Codina, Helena; Lloberas Blanch, Núria; Caldés, Ana; Andreu, Franc; Torras Ambròs, Joan; Oppenheimer Salinas, Federico; Sánchez-Plumed, Jaime; Gentil, Miguel A.; Kuypers, Dirk R.; Brunet i Serra, Mercè; Ekberg, Henrik; Grinyó Boira, Josep M.
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), an ester prodrug of the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA), is widely used for maintenance immunosuppressive therapy and prevention of renal allograft rejection in renal transplant recipients. MPA inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), an enzyme involved in the “de novo” synthesis of purine nucleotides, thus suppressing both T-cell and B-cell proliferation. MPA shows a complex pharmacokinetics with considerable interand intra- patient by between- and within patient variabilities associated to MPA exposure. Several factors may contribute to it. The pharmacokinetic modeling according to the population pharmacokinetic approach with the non-linear mixed effects models has shown to be a powerful tool to describe the relationships between MMF doses and the MPA exposures and also to identify potential predictive patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics for dose tailoring during the post-transplant immunosuppresive treatment.
Is the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine useful in preventing community-acquired pneumonia?
(Transworld Research Network, 2012) Izquierdo, Conchita; Salleras i Sanmartí, Lluís; Domínguez García, Àngela
Although bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia is the most severe form of pneumonia, non-bacteremic forms are much more frequent. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of nonbacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia have a low sensitivity and specificity, and therefore all-cause pneumonia has been proposed as a suitable outcome to evaluate vaccination effectiveness. This work reviews the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and evaluates the effectiveness of the 3-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV-23) in preventing CAP requiring hospitalization in people aged ≥65 years. We performed a case-control study in patients aged ≥65 years admitted through the emergency department who presented with clinical signs and symptoms compatible with pneumonia. We included 489 cases and 1,467 controls and it was obtained a vaccine efectiveness of 23.6 (0.9-41.0). Our results suggest that PPV-23 vaccination is effective and reduces hospital admissions due to pneumonia in the elderly, strengthening the rationale for vaccination programmes in this age group.

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