Articles publicats en revistes (Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada)
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Mapping the Impact of Salinity Derived by Shrimp CulturePonds Using the Frequency-Domain EM Induction Method(MDPI, 2025-10-07) Casas i Ponsatí, Albert; Beltrão-Sabadía, José A.; Sabino da Silva, Evanimek Bernardo; Monte-Egito, Lucila C.; Medeiros-Souza, Anderson de; Tapias Pantebre, Josefina Carlota; Sendros Brea-iglesias, Alexandre; Pinheiro Lima-Filho, FranciscoThis study investigates groundwater salinization in a section of a coastal aquifer in RioGrande do Norte, Brazil, using frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) measurements.With the global expansion of shrimp farming in ecologically sensitive coastal regions, thereis an urgent need to assess associated risks and promote sustainable management practices.A key concern is the prolonged flooding of shrimp ponds, which accelerates saltwaterinfiltration into surrounding areas. To better delineate salinization plumes, we analyzeddirect groundwater salinity measurements from 14 wells combined with 315 subsurfaceapparent conductivity measurements obtained using the FDEM method. Correlating thesedatasets improved the accuracy of salinity mapping, as evidenced by reduced variance inkriging interpolation. By integrating hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical, and geophysicalapproaches, this study provides a comprehensive characterization of groundwater salinityin the study area. Hydrogeological investigations delineated aquifer properties and flowdynamics; hydrogeochemical analyses identified salinity levels and water quality indicators;and geophysical surveys provided spatially extensive conductivity measurementsessential for detecting and mapping saline intrusions. The combined insights from thesemethodologies enable a more precise assessment of salinity sources and support the developmentof more effective groundwater management strategies. Our findings demonstratethe effectiveness of integrating geophysical surveys with hydrogeological and hydrogeochemicaldata, confirming that shrimp farm ponds are a significant source of groundwatercontamination. This combined methodology offers a low-impact, cost-effective approachthat can be applied to other coastal regions facing similar environmental challenges.Article
101 contact twins in gypsum experimentally obtained from calcium carbonate enriched solutions: mineralogical implications for natural gypsum deposits.(International Union of Crystallography, 2023-04-13) Cotellucci A.; Otálora F.; Canals i Sabaté, Àngels; Criado-Reyes J.; Pellegrino L.; Bruno M.; Aquilano D.; Garcia-Ruiz JM.; Dela Pierre F.; Pastero L.Gypsum twins are frequently observed in nature, triggered by a wide array of impurities that are present in their depositional environments and that may exert a critical role in the selection of different twin laws. Identifying the impurities able to promote the selection of specific twin laws has relevance for geological studies aimed at interpreting the gypsum depositional environments in ancient and modern deposits. Here, the effect of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) on gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2O) growth morphology has been investigated by performing temperature-controlled laboratory experiments with and without the addition of carbonate ions. The precipitation of twinned gypsum crystals has been achieved experimentally (101 contact twin law) by adding carbonate to the solution, and the involvement of rapidcreekite (Ca 2SO 4 CO 3 4H 2O) in selecting the 101 gypsum contact twin law was supported, suggesting an epitaxial mechanism. Moreover, the occurrence of 101 gypsum contact twins in nature has been suggested by comparing the natural gypsum twin morphologies observed in evaporitic environments with those obtained in experiments. Finally, both orientations of the primary fluid inclusions (of the negative crystal shape) with respect to the twin plane and the main elongation of sub-crystals that form the twin are proposed as a fast and useful method (especially in geological samples) to distinguish between the 100 and 101 twin laws. The results of this study provide new insights into the mineralogical implications of twinned gypsum crystals and their potential as a tool to better understand natural gypsum deposits.Article
Mush system heterogeneities control magma composition and eruptive style on the Ocean Island of El Hierro, Canary Islands.(Springer Verlag, 2025-04-23) Prieto-Torrell, Claudia; Albert Mínguez, Helena; Aulinas Juncà, Meritxell; González-Esvertit, Eloi; Arienzo, Ilena; Gisbert Pinto, Guillem; Troll, Valentin R.; Fernandez-Turiel, Jose-Luis; Rodriguez-Gonzalez, Alejandro; Perez-Torrado, Francisco-JoseThe study of recent eruptions in Ocean Islands (OIs) provides a unique window into the magma dynamics governing their plumbing systems and the mechanisms leading to eruptions. Here we present an integrated approach to unravel the dynamics of magmatic plumbing systems through detailed spatial, petrological, and geochemical characterisation of volcanic products ranging from crystal-rich ankaramitic lavas to trachytic tephras. We focus on the textural and geochemical spatial variations of 42 Holocene subaerial eruptions at the OI of El Hierro (Canary Islands), as well as on their petrogenetic significance for magmatic evolution and plumbing system architecture. Integrating geochemical data within fractional crystallisation modelling and mass balance calculations reveals that ankaramitic and porphyritic lavas with phenocryst modal abundances > 10 vol% result from melt extraction and crystal accumulation. Aphyric to sub-aphyric eruption products and porphyritic lavas with phenocryst modal abundances < 10 vol% usually follow fractional crystallisation trajectories that start at ~ 10 wt% MgO. Periodic extraction of evolved melt from crystal mushes likely led to the occurrence of minor trachytic eruptions, which are difficult to reconcile with simple closed system fractional crystallisation trends. A complex, heterogeneous crustal mush system beneath El Hierro is, in fact, the most reliable scenario to explain the wide range of textures, whole-rock and mineral compositions, and the overall surface distribution of vents and eruptive styles displayed by the Holocene volcanism on the island. Our integrated findings highlight the importance of a combined field, petrological, and geochemical study to decipher plumbing system dynamics of OI magmatism. The results allow us to put forward an updated conceptual model of the current plumbing architecture of El Hierro’s volcanic system during the Holocene.Article
CatVolc: A new database of geochemical and geochronological data of volcanic-related materials from the Catalan Volcanic Zone (Spain)(Elsevier B.V., 2024-02-01) Miranda-Muruzábal, Martín; Geyer, Adelina; Aulinas Juncà, Meritxell; Albert Mínguez, Helena; Vilà, Miquel; Micheo, Fus; Bolós Granados, Xavier de; Pedrazzi, Dario; Gisbert Pinto, Guillem; Planagumà, LlorençThe Catalan Volcanic Zone (CVZ) (NE Spain) consists of an intraplate alkaline volcanic zone associated with the opening of the Western Mediterranean and the development of the European Rift System. Volcanic activity in the CVZ started in the L'Empordà area (ca. > 12–8 Ma), extended to La Selva (7.9–1.7 Ma), and finally migrated to the Garrotxa Volcanic Field (< 0.7–0.01 Ma). Despite the scientific interest in the CVZ since the early 19th century, certain aspects remain poorly constrained. These include a full understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of the magma plumbing system(s) and ascent mechanisms, as well as the chronology of volcanism across the CVZ. Addressing these unresolved questions requires geochemical, petrological, and geochronological data, which, in the case of the CVZ, are scattered and have never been integrated or analysed within a unified framework. Here, we present the CatVolc (Catalan Volcanism) database, which compiles available geochemical and geochronological data of volcanic-related materials from the CVZ. The current version of the database contains geochemical analyses from 405 rock samples (296 juvenile magmatic rocks -including lavas and pyroclasts- and 109 xenoliths), and radiometric/thermoluminescence dating data from 57 rocks (55 volcanogenic and two dykes), 4 paleosols samples developed between volcanic deposits and 1 sample from sediments. For each sample, the CatVolc database lists general information about the sampling site, sample lithology, whole-rock analyses (including major and trace elements), isotopic ratios, mineral chemistry, and radiometric/thermoluminescence dating information, if available. A preliminary analysis of the information contained in the CatVolc database highlights the critical limitations of the current state of knowledge and allows suggesting potential future directions for volcanic-driven investigations in the CVZ. Additionally, the results obtained validate the CatVolc database as a key tool for comprehending the spatial and temporal evolution of the magmatic system(s) and volcanic activity in the CVZ, particularly in the Garrotxa Volcanic Field. This aspect is critical for advancing in the assessment of the volcanic hazards in the region and for gaining a comprehensive understanding of future volcanic activity.Article
Time scales of olivine storage and transport as revealed by diffusion chronometry at Waitomokia Volcanic Complex, Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand.(Elsevier B.V., 2024-07-01) Didonna, Rosa; Handley, Hearther; Albert Mínguez, Helena; Costa, FidelDetailed knowledge of the pre-eruptive time scales associated with magma storage and transport is vital to improve volcanic hazard forecasting in active volcanic regions. However, quantification of the timescales of volcanic processes at mafic volcanic centres in continental intraplate settings is challenging, despite them being a source of significant hazards for human populations and infrastructure due to their limited predictability in space and time. We conducted a detailed petrological study to investigate the time scales of olivine storage and transfer throughout the eruption sequence of Waitomokia Volcanic Complex, a tuff ring and scoria cone complex in the Auckland Volcanic Field. Olivine crystal textures and compositions were determined from stratigraphically-constrained samples of the volcanic complex, from the initial phreatomagmatic phase to the final magmatic phase. Olivine crystals are typically <300 μm in length and characterised by skeletal morphologies, displaying chemical zoning in forsterite (Fo = 100*Mg/[Mg + Fe]; mol%), CaO, MnO and NiO wt% contents. We classified olivine into three major groups based on their Fo core compositions: (1) normally zoned crystals with high Fo content (Fo > 85), (2) crystals with intermediate Fo contents (84–81), and (3) reversely zoned crystals with lower Fo core content (<80). Olivine chemical zoning (diffusion) profiles were modelled in the context of a specific magmatic environment linked with changes in thermodynamic variables during storage (temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity). We propose that the normally zoned olivine crystals grew in one magmatic environment (ME1), which subsequently intruded into a more evolved (lower MgO) environment (ME2), where they interacted and were stored for up to 135 days before their eruption. During magma ascent to the surface, a second magma mixing event occurred between ME2 and magma within a third magmatic environment (ME3), forming reversely-zoned olivine crystals yielding notably shorter ascent times of approximately a few days. The rocks from the opening phreatomagmatic phase of the eruption show a larger range in olivine group types compared to the final magmatic phase, where those from the deeper ME1 are more abundant. The short time scales of magma transport obtained in our study, on the order of days to months, should be informative of the warning times that may be encountered between the onset of volcanic unrest and an eruption in the Auckland Volcanic Field.Article
Mechanisms shaping the gypsum stromatolite-like structures in the Salar de Llamara (Atacama Desert, Chile)(Nature Publishing Group, 2023-01-12) Criado-Reyes, Joaquín; Otálora, Fermín; Canals i Sabaté, Àngels; Verdugo-Escamilla, Cristóbal; García-Ruiz, Juan-ManuelThe explanation of the origin of microbialites and specifically stromatolitic structures is a problem ofhigh relevance for decoding past sedimentary environments and deciphering the biogenicity of the oldest plausible remnants of life. We have investigated the morphogenesis of gypsum stromatolitelikestructures currently growing in shallow ponds (puquíos) in the Salar de Llamara (Atacama Desert, Northern Chile). The crystal size, aspect ratio, and orientation distributions of gypsum crystals within the structures have been quantified and show indications for episodic nucleation and competitive growth of millimetric to centimetric selenite crystals into a radial, branched, and loosely cemented aggregate. The morphogenetical process is explained by the existence of a stable vertical salinity gradient in the ponds. Due to the non-linear dependency of gypsum solubility as a function of sodium chloride concentration, the salinity gradient produces undersaturated solutions, which dissolve gypsum crystals. This dissolution happens at a certain depth, narrowing the lower part of the structures, and producing their stromatolite-like morphology. We have tested this novel mechanism experimentally, simulating the effective dissolution of gypsum crystals in stratified ponds, thus providing a purely abiotic mechanism for these stromatolite-like structures.Article
Gypsum Crystals Formed by the Anhydrite–Gypsum Transformation at Low Temperatures: Implications for the Formation of the Geode of Pulpí(MDPI, 2024-11-01) Cotellucci, Andrea; Garcia-Ruiz, Juan-Manuel; Otálora, Fermín; Canals i Sabaté, Àngels; Bruno, Marco; Wehrung, Quentin; Pellegrino, Luca; Aquilano, Dino; Pastero, LindaDetermining the mechanisms of the formation of giant crystals is a challenging subject. Gypsum, calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O), is known to form crystals larger than one meter in several locations worldwide. These selenite crystals grow at different temperatures, either in sedimentary or hydrothermal systems. The famous selenite crystals of the geode of Pulpí (Almería, Spain) are known to have grown at a temperature T = 20 ± 5 ◦C and have been proposed to form in a subaqueous environment by a self-feeding mechanism triggered by anhydrite dissolution and the ripening of microcrystalline gypsum, enhanced by oscillations in temperature. This paper reports the monitored crystallization of gypsum crystals, from anhydrite powder dissolution, inside airtight evaporation-free reactors under oscillating low temperatures (15 ◦C < T < 25 ◦C). These crystals are clearly smaller than the ones in the Pulpí mine but exhibit similar habits (i.e., single blocky crystals and twins following the 100 twinning law). The growth rate of gypsum single crystals has been measured to be between 3.8 and 35.3 μm/day. Noteworthy, we document the occurrence of the 100 contact twinning law of gypsum, which is the most widespread twinning law in natural environments but never univocally reported in laboratory experiments. The selection of the 100 contact twinning law has been correlated to the low supersaturation values obtained in the experiment, where the concentration in these long-duration experiments can be safely assumed to be the equilibrium concentration, i.e., 0.3 (at 25 ◦C) ≤ SI ≤ 0.4 (at 15 ◦C).We discuss the relevance of our experiment for forming the gypsum crystals of Pulpí in the framework of the geological history of Pulpí mineralization. These laboratory model experiments contribute to a deeper understanding of mineral nucleation and growth processes in natural environments.Article
Hydrolytic weakening controls Jurassic to early Cretaceous mylonitization in the basement of the Pyrenees(Elsevier Ltd., 2026-02-01) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; González-Esvertit, Eloi; Casas Tuset, Josep Maria; Canals i Sabaté, Àngels; Bons, Paul D.; Konrad, Kevin; Llorens, Maria-Gema; Serrano-López, Gabriel; Claudia Prieto-Torrell; Neilson, Joyce; Beranoaguirre, Arants; Gerdes, Axel; Gómez Rivas, EnriqueThe age of the mylonite belts in the basement rocks of the Pyrenees is a subject of debate in the structural geology and petrology communities because of its potential implication on the regional tectonothermal history and on the tectonic evolution of SW Europe. Here we address when and how mylonitisation took place in two key areas of the Eastern Pyrenees, where shear zones are associated with Giant Quartz Veins (GQVs). We conducted zircon U-Pb and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dating coupled with structural, textural, and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) analyses of mylonites from the Cap de Creus and Canigó Massifs. U-Pb zircon dating of a dacite porphyry dyke crosscut by GQVs and mylonitic bands yields a maximum shear zone and GQV formation age of ca. 292 ± 3 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar analyses of muscovite within mylonitised GQVs yield initial crystallisation ages between ca. 164 and 188 Ma, as well as younger recrystallisation ages of ca. 110–118 Ma. A qualitative assessment of the GQV history is inferred from step-heating spectra of muscovite and quartz CPOs. The results indicate that GQV formation and mylonitisation were coupled, coeval, and long-lasting processes that took place from early Jurassic to early Cretaceous times. A comparative evaluation of quartz CPOs reveals inconsistencies regarding the strain distribution, quartz slip systems activity, and deformation temperatures depending on the deformed rock type. Quartz mylonites have stronger CPOs dominated by basal , prism , or prism slip systems, whilst phyllonites and granite mylonites show weaker fabrics mostly dominated by mixed slip. This apparently suggests higher deformation temperatures in quartz mylonites than those inferred from more reliable proxies, such as mineral assemblages, brittle behaviour of K-feldspar, and fluid inclusion data. We suggest that the water-weakening effect caused by coeval formation and deformation of GQVs enabled easier dislocation glide and creep, allowing strain localisation and transitions between slip systems at lower temperatures than commonly inferred due to enhanced ductility. U-Pb zircon dating further suggests the existence of an early Carboniferous (ca. 332 ± 4 Ma; Visean) magmatic episode in the Pyrenees, in agreement with a cyclic, rather than a progressive, geodynamic history of the region during Variscan times. The present work challenges classical interpretations stating that Pyrenean mylonite belts developed during the retrograde stages of the Variscan Orogeny, highlighting that the structural evolution of this region during Mesozoic times deserves further investigation. Results have implications for interpreting deformation localisation mechanisms and conditions in crustal rocks, for the formation mechanisms of GQVs in worldwide orogenic belts, and for the tectonothermal history of the Pyrenees since late-Variscan times.Article
The impact of diapirism on geothermal reservoir properties of the Estopanyà and Boix synclines (South-Central Pyrenees)(Springer Open, 2025-12-01) Ramirez-Perez, Pedro; Cofrade Rivas, Gabriel; Cruset Segura, David; Martín, Juan Diego (Martín Martín); Sizun, Jean-Pierre; Onetti, Ernest; Cantarero Abad, Irene; Travé i Herrero, AnnaThis study investigates petrological and thermophysical properties of rocks from the Estopanyà and Boix synclines (salt basins) to evaluate their potential as analogues for geothermal reservoir. A total of 45 samples were collected, including 26 carbonates, 16 arenites, and 3 altered carbonates (chalky limestones and calcitized dolomites). These samples were classified into eight distinct rock types based on 106 thin sections. Thermophysical measurements revealed mineral densities ranging from 2.64 to 2.72 g cm−3 and variable connected porosity (0.50–17.63%), permeability (< 0.001 to 15.30 mD, equivalent to < 10⁻18 to 10⁻14 m2), P-wave velocities (1.8–6.6 km s−1 in dry and 2.7–6.3 km s−1 in water-saturated samples), thermal conductivity (2.1–4.7 W m−1 K−1), and specific heat capacity (724–860 J kg−1 K−1). Correlations between thermophysical properties suggest that connected porosity predominantly influences permeability, P-wave velocity, and specific heat. In contrast, thermal conductivity is more dependent on rock composition. Key diagenetic processes such as dissolution, cementation, brecciation, and dolomitization significantly alter rock texture and composition, impacting critical thermophysical properties (e.g., thermal conductivity, permeability, and porosity), essential for geothermal reservoir potential. These alterations are particularly pronounced near the Estopanyà salt wall, indicating that fluid flow along diapir margins intensifies rock alteration. Away from the diapir margin, these effects diminish, underscoring the localized influence of salt diapirism. Results indicate that natural fluid convection likely occurred in two sedimentary units within the Estopanyà and Boix synclines. The first unit, composed of diapir-margin breccias, probably had high permeability in the past, as suggested by its present-day intense cementation. Similarly, the ongoing dedolomitization of these breccias also hints for a past dolomitization in them, which should have enhanced the thermal conductivity of this unit in the past, making it a favorable geothermal target prior to cementation and dedolomitization. The second unit consists of arenites from the Tremp Group, which exhibit sufficient permeability for fluid storage but lack the necessary permeability for natural fluid convection, in the absence of open fractures. These surface data underscore the value of outcrop analogues, demonstrating how petrological insights can reveal past geological processes that influence the thermophysical properties and reservoir potential of salt basins.Article
Intrasalt carbonates in the Estopanyà Salt Wall (South-Central Pyrenees): reservoir quality and implications for geothermal exploration in salt diapirs(Elsevier B.V., 2025-10-26) Ramirez-Perez, Pedro; Cofrade Rivas, Gabriel; Sizun, Jean-Pierre; Martín, Juan Diego (Martín Martín); Moragas Rodriguez, Mar; Cruset Segura, David; Travé i Herrero, AnnaStringers are disrupted rock bodies commonly enclosed within salt diapirs. Traditionally, they have been regarded as a risk factor in the energy exploitation of salt structures due to their heterogeneity and general sub-seismic scale, which hinder their detailed identification. Nevertheless, rock units in stringers may exhibit sufficient permeability and temperature to act as potential reservoirs, for instance, in geothermal energy. Despite this possibility, studies regarding the reservoir potential of intrasalt stringers remain scarce.The well-exposed Estopanyà Salt Wall in the South-Central Pyrenees contains abundant Muschelkalk carbonate stringers, providing an excellent opportunity to study the geological controls on their reservoir properties. Four lithofacies within two stratigraphic intervals were identified. Depositional lithofacies (DLF-1 and DLF-2) preserve original rock textures, whereas alteration lithofacies (ALF-1 and ALF-2) result from intense brecciation, cementation, and dolomitization-dedolomitization affecting the depositional facies. Thermophysical analyses of 30 samples reveal limited variation in mineral density (2.61–3.00 g cm−3), bulk density (1.92–2.95 g cm−3), and thermal conductivity (2.37–3.48 W m−1 K−1), with the latter being primary controlled by rock mineralogy. In contrast, connected porosity (0.33–29.20 %), permeability (<0.001–19.85 mD; <10−18–10−14 m2), P-wave velocity (3.7–6.4 km s−1 dry; 3.7–6.5 km s−1 saturated conditions), and specific heat capacity (640–804 J kg−1 K−1) show greater variability. Property cross-plots indicate that porosity percentage and distribution are the main factors controlling the observed thermophysical behavior, which is ultimately linked to rock texture.The area and scarce thickness of porous and permeable intervals (estimated at reservoir volumes of 0.14–4.6 km3), likely preclude the limited reservoir use of the studied stringers. However, petrographic evidence from them highlights interesting processes such as brecciation and dolomitization that may have enhanced the permeability and thermal conductivity in the past, while subsequent cementation and dedolomitization reduced reservoir quality. Accordingly, although current outcrop conditions show diminished reservoir potential, higher porosity-permeability values may be preserved in the subsurface.Overall, this study establishes a conceptual model for the geological controls, limitations, and potential of intrasalt carbonates as unconventional reservoirs, providing comprehensive petrological and thermophysical data that can guide their exploration for geothermal production in salt diapir settings.Article
Salt diapirism constrained by the stratigraphical record of adjacent basins: the Estopanyà Syncline (South-Central Pyrenees, NE Iberian Peninsula)(Taylor & Francis, 2025-12-31) Ramirez-Perez, Pedro; Cofrade Rivas, Gabriel; Estiarte-Ruiz, Mercè; Martín, Juan Diego (Martín Martín); Teixell, Antonio; Travé i Herrero, AnnaThe detailed geological mapping of structural and stratigraphical patterns within the sedimentary succession of the Estopanyà Syncline (South-Central Pyrenees) and surrounding structures provides insights into the evolution of the adjoining diapirs. The present-day stratigraphical and geometric relationships between the diapirs and flanking sedimentary units suggest distinct halokinetic evolution in the ESE and WNW sectors of the studied area. In the ESE sector, flanking successions are characterized by halokinetic breccias and overturned layer attitudes, indicative of an early salt inflation phase during the Late Cretaceous. The advance of the pyrenean compressional front produced the extrusion of these diapirs during the middle Ypresian. In the WNW sector, salt diapirism occurred lately, during the middle Eocene to Oligocene, due to the rotation of the Estopanyà Syncline and the welding of the pre-existing diapirs.Article
Magnetostratigraphic dating of earliest hominin sites in Europe(Elsevier B.V., 2024-06-28) Gibert Beotas, Lluís; Scott, Gary; Deino, Alan; Martin, RobertAfter a century of research, the chronology of the first arrival of hominins in Europe remains controversial. Four Spanish localities potentially record evidence of the oldest Europeans, yet arrival ages remain loosely constrained between 1.6 and 0.9 Ma. Here we provide a new Early Pleistocene magnetostratigraphy, recording four paleomagnetic boundaries within 80 m of a fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary succession in Orce, southeastern Spain. This Pleistocene succession incorporates for the first time in Europe five superposed paleontological localities between the Olduvai and Jaramillo magnetozones, including three hominin sites providing evidence of the presence of hominins older than 1.07 Ma in Europe. The specific age for each fossil quarry is estimated using a Bayesian age-stratigraphic model with 95% confidence intervals. The oldest sites, which lack evidence of hominin activity, are 1.60 ± 0.05 Ma and 1.35 ± 0.07 Ma, respectively. Three sites higher in the stratigraphy, which contain evidence of hominids, occur at 1.32 ± 0.07 Ma (Venta Micena), 1.28 ± 0.07 Ma (Barranco León-5), and 1.23 ± 0.06 Ma (Fuente Nueva-3). The magnetostratigraphy and paleontological content of the Orce hominin sites are compared with other European localities concluding that the new chronology for Orce represents Europe's oldest and most accurately dated early Pleistocene hominin records. These results indicate that African hominins with Oldowan technology reached Southwestern Europe >0.5 Ma after first leaving Africa. This diachronism is explained because Europe was limited by biogeographical barriers that hominins were able to surpass only in a later evolutionary/cultural stage. We propose that ∼1,3 Ma hominins first arrived in southern Europe by traversing the Strait of Gibraltar when in a similar time frame, crossed the Wallace Line and reached the island of Flores (Java) by navigating the wider Lombok Strait. Archaeological data shows that a second wave of hominins with Acheulian technology entered South Europe again via the Iberian Peninsula after the Jaramillo subchron (1.071–0.991 Ma) and before the Brunhes chron (0.77 Ma).Article
Buccal dental-microwear and feeding ecology of Early Pleistocene Theropithecus oswaldi from Cueva Victoria (Spain)(Elsevier B.V., 2020-03-17) Martínez, L.M.; Estebaranz, F.; Ferràndez i Cañadell, Carles; Romero, Ad.; Ribot, F.; Galbany i Casals, Jordi; Gibert Beotas, Lluís; Martínez Pérez-Pérez, AlejandroDespite the scarcity of fossil specimens of Theropithecus oswaldi in Eurasia, its presence out of Africa attests to the great dispersal of this Papionini genus during the Early Pleistocene. In the present study, we analyze the buccal dental microwear of T. oswaldi (T. o. leakeyi) fossil specimens from Cueva Victoria (Southeastern Spain). This analysis is the first characterization of the feeding ecology of T. oswaldi in Europe. The buccal microwear pattern of the molar and premolar teeth of T. oswaldi from Cueva Victoria shows great similarities to that observed for the extant frugivorous forest-dwelling Mandrillus sphinx and mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.)—both species adapted to durophagous dietary habits—while significantly different from that observed for the gramnivorous Theropithecus gelada. These results suggest that T. oswaldi from Cueva Victoria could have exploited both hard-shelled fruits or seeds and succulent fruits from open and forested Mediterranean ecosystems.- ArticleChlorination Cessation Alters Greenhouse Gas Dynamics in Artificial Urban Ponds(Wiley, 2025-08-05) Montes-Pérez, Jorge Juan; Irusta, Paula; Cañas, Lídia; Mejía, Fernanda; Pinaud-Brageot, Näel; Obrador Sala, Biel; Puigserver Cuerda, Diana; Millán Martos, Alberto; Schiller Calle, Daniel vonCities are facing an ecological challenge, and international policies are increasingly focused on implementing nature-based solutions to support this transition. In this context, the naturalization of artificial urban ponds (AUP) is a promising approach with proved benefits for biodiversity and human well-being. However, the naturalization of AUP may be accompanied by increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Here, we evaluated the effect of chlorination cessation, an essential step in the naturalization process, on GHG dynamics in AUP. Partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2), CH4 (pCH4), and N2O (pN2O) were measured in 41 artificial urban ponds (28 non-chlorinated and 13 chlorinated) in the city of Barcelona during winter and summer to assess: (a) the effect of chlorination treatment, (b) the effect of seasonality, and (c) the main drivers behind the partial pressures of these GHGs. Results show that although chlorination cessation increased pCH4, it reduced pN2O and had no significant effect on pCO2. The main drivers of these patterns were naturalization, with factors related to primary production playing a major role; seasonality, with temperature as a key environmental variable; and groundwater legacy. Importantly, the net global warming potential (GWP), expressed as CO2 equivalents, was not significantly higher in non-chlorinated ponds. These findings suggest that the naturalization of artificial water bodies could be a viable strategy to create more resilient cities without significantly increasing GHG emissions.
Article
Land-use land-cover change analysis using remote sensing and geographic information systems in northen Rif, Morocco.(2025-09-01) El Yousfi, Mustapha; El Ghoulbzouri, Abdelouafi; Himi, MahjoubLand use and land cover (LULC) maps play a crucial role in guiding planning and management efforts, this study present consideration of regarding trend analysis in the land use and land cover of the Al Hoceima in the northern-central Rif region over a span of 25 years, from 2000 to 2025. For this purpose, a series of Landsat images, namely an Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image from 2000, Landsat 8 operational land imager (OLI) image from 2014, and a Landsat 9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image from 2025 were obtained and processed using GIS and RS Software tools. Supervised classification with the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm was applied to generate LULC maps. 120 ground truth points for each classified image were used to conduct accuracy evaluations, with overall accuracy ranging from 87.5% to 90.8% and Kappa coefficient ranging from 0.82 to 0.87. In order to examine and analyze the changes in LULC, we conducted a post-classification comparison. The findings revealed clear trends of decreasing in forests and dense vegetation areas at the expense of other classes. Additionally, there was a slight increase in the built-up area, which is likely driven by population growth and rising economic activity.Article
Assessment of groundwater quality using hydrochemical process, GIS and multivariate statistical analysis at central Rif, North Morocco(Springer Verlag, 2024-09-01) Alitane, Abdennabi; Chahban, Mohamed; Boughrous, Ali Ait; Benyoussef, Said; Arabi, Mourad; El Yousfi, Yassine; Makkaoui, Mohamed; Gueddari, Hicham; El Ouarghi, Hossain; Abdaoui, Abdellali; Ghalit, Mohammad; Zegzouti, Younes Filali; Azirar, Maryam; Himi, MahjoubThis study investigated groundwater in the central Rif region of northern Morocco by analysing 55 water sampling points to assess its physicochemical and hydrogeochemical properties. Through hydrochemical analysis, GIS spatial exploration, and multivariate statistical analysis, a direct correlation was found between EC, TDS, and major ions, influencing overall water mineralization. The key findings included pH levels ranging from 6.10 to 8.52, EC from 828 to 4581 μS/cm, and varying concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO2–, Cl–, N–NO2–, and SO42–. Notably, TDS and TH ranged from 647.19–3609.36mg/L and 64.23–1051.24 mg/L, respectively, with a significant portion of samples exceeding WHO guidelines, particularly chloride (61.81%), sulfate (92.72%), and nitrate (12.72%) samples. The Piper diagram highlights sodium chlorides (Na–Cl) as the predominant chemical facies (70.9%), while the Gibbs diagram emphasizes the impact of evaporation on water chemistry dynamics. This study revealed the complex influence of geological and anthropogenic factors on groundwater quality,potentially leading to seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers. The observed high mineralization and hardness levels, in addition to mild alkalinity, pose public health risks, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and sustainable management practices in coastal groundwater management to protect human health and the environment.Article
The medieval stained glass in Catalonia: Girona cathedral(Elsevier, 2025-07-01) Pradell, Trinitat; Cañellas, Sílvia; Bonet, Jordi; Garcia Vallès, Maite; Santolària, AnnaThe production and distribution of stained glass in Mediterranean Europe during the Middle Ages remains inadequatelyunderstood. This article focuses on Catalonia, where local glass production is documented as early as the
13th century, but little is known about the production of window glass. This study analyses a collection of stained
glass fragments from Girona Cathedral, dating from the 13th to the 16th century, some of which is the work of
renowned master glassmakers. The data obtained is compared with contemporary stained glass documented
from other parts of Europe, and with a collection of 15th and 16th century archaeological window glass from
Barcelona. The data is also contrasted with historical documentation on glass production in Catalonia. The findings
reveal that the glass from Girona from the 13th and 14th centuries is of the potassium-lime type, similar to
that produced in the workshops of north-western France. By the late 14th and 15th centuries, the composition
aligns more closely with that of north-eastern France. In the 16th century, however, the glass changes to a sodalime
composition, similar to the glass found in Barcelona, suggesting a transition from central European to
Mediterranean sources, and indicates a change in the raw materials involving the use of soda-lime plant ash instead
of potassium-lime forest ash. These results indicate that the production of window glass shifted from France
to Barcelona at the close of the 15th century.
Article
Mineralogy, geochemistry and origin of karst bauxite deposits from the Reserva Fiscal Ávila, SW Dominican Republic((UB). (ICTJA). (IDEA). (UAB). (CSIC), 2025-05-01) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Torró i Abat, Lisard; Pujol Solà, Núria; Bover-Arnal, Telm; Mestre, Àngel; Aiglsperger, Thomas Hans; Ramírez, Australia; Rodríguez, Jesús; Espaillat, Julio; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín AntonioThe energy transition, which aims to reduce carbon emissions and to slow down climate change, demands an ever-increasing supply of the so-called “critical metals”. Rare-earth elements and yttrium (REY) are among the most critical metals, as they are indispensable in most technologies associated with the generation and storage of renewable energy. In recent years there has been a growing interest in the potential of karst bauxites as non-conventional sources of REY and other critical metals such as Sc and Ga. The Sierra de Bahoruco (SW Dominican Republic) contains the most REY-enriched karst bauxites globally. In view of the high potential for hosting important REY contents, the Dominican Republic government has declared the Reserva Fiscal Ávila (RFA), a state-owned area within the Sierra de Bahoruco for assessment and exploration of its REY resources. In this study, we present the first data on the mineralogy and composition of bauxitic rocks from the RFA. The bauxitic deposits comprise clayey bauxites and Fe-rich bauxites that are composed predominantly of Al-oxyhydroxides (gibbsite, boehmite and nordstrandite), kaolinite and Fe-oxyhydroxides. The bauxites are enriched in REY, with a median value of 1,310ppm and up to 2,542ppm, with a consistent enrichment in light REE (LREE) and Y compared to middle (MREE) and heavy REE (HREE). The positive correlation between the contents of REY and Th, and negative correlation with K, makes gamma-ray spectrometry an appropriate tool for the exploration. In addition, bauxitic rocks from the RFA contain significant Sc (up to 105ppm) and Ga (up to 54ppm) contents, and their extraction could potentially represent a substantial economic surplus to the revenue generated solely from the aluminum production. Based on the trace element geochemistry, we suggest that Karst bauxite deposits from the Reserva Fiscal Ávila bauxites from the RFA had a similar parental source to the soils and bauxites from Jamaica.Article
Assessing preferential seepage and monitoring mortar injection through an earthen dam settled over a gypsiferous substrate using combined geophysical methods(Elsevier B.V., 2018-11-28) Himi, Mahjoub; Casado, Ismael; Sendrós Brea-Iglesias, Alex; Lovera Carrasco, Raúl; Rivero Marginedas, Lluís; Casas Bou, AlbertFor several decades the Sant Llorenç de Montgai reservoir has experienced different problems that could affect the safety of the engineering structure. For this reason, several corrective actions have been taken over the years. Here, we present a study involving complementary geophysical methods including electrical resistivity tomography, seismic refraction tomography and frequency-domain electromagnetic surveys. The analysis of the inverted electrical resistivity tomography cross-sections combined with the seismic refraction results and land subsidence monitoring data show the likely mechanism of abnormal seepage. The areas where mortar injections were applied as a corrective measure are also clearly delineated. In addition, the evolution of the state of the embankment has been established from two successive electrical resistivity tomography surveys in the last two decades. The results show areas where corrective mortar injections have been effective, while in other areas new abnormal seepage has been detected. The lithological heterogeneity of the bedrock, especially the dissolution of gypsum-rich rocks, induced subsidence effects and caused abnormal seepage in different areas along the embankment. Our results indicate how corrective solutions can be optimized to reduce the cost of corrective engineering interventions.- ArticleMiddle Devonian–Carboniferous crustal differentiation promoted by hydrous plume-related magmatism along the Paleo-Pacific active margin: A case study of the Gashun Nuur Complex in the Mongolian Altai(Elsevier B.V., 2025-06-23) de Hoÿm de Marien, Luc; Janoušek, Vojtěch; Schulmann, Karel; Hanžl, Pavel; Míková, Jitka; Hora, John M.; Racek, Martin; Lexa, Ondrej; Sukhbaatar, Turbold; Buriánek, David; Aguilar Gil, Carmen MaríaPetrology, whole-rock geochemistry, Sr–Nd isotopic data, and zircon U–Pb geochronology of magmatic rocks from Gashun Nuur Complex (Tseel Sum, Mongolian Altai) confirm catastrophic mid–late Devonian–Tournaisian (c. 385–350 Ma) mantle melting. Early (c. 385 Ma), scattered, large (∼ 100 m across) metagabbroic bodies carry a weak subduction-like signature (elevated contents of Large Ion Lithophile Elements – LILE, depletion in High Field Strength Elements – HFSE, high EiNd
of + 3.9 to + 7.0, unradiogenic 87Sr/86Sri of 0.7036–0.7044). Younger (c. 375–350 Ma) Fe-poor and Fe-rich dismembered amphibolite sheets show an EMORB character typical of melts resulting from the interaction of a subduction-modified depleted lithospheric mantle with a mantle plume (moderate LILE and HFSE, highly positive EiNd
of + 6.4 to + 9.2, variable 87Sr/86Sri of 0.7037–0.7068). Their chemistry marks the arrival of a mantle plume in an active margin setting far behind the magmatic arc. The Gashun Nuur Complex belongs to a vast (> 300,000 km2) mosaic of Devonian magmatic provinces which encompass the Altai suprasubduction, Altai–Sayan intracontinental and Mongol–Okhotsk oceanic domains. The studied middle Devonian–Tournaisian magmatic event is interpreted as the surface expression of hydrous plume(s) developed above a dehydrating flat-slab resting upon the lower mantle, at the mantle transition zone. The flat slab favoured the retreat of the trench causing extension in the overriding lithosphere. In the Gashun Nuur Complex, heat and fluids from mantle-derived intrusions induced extensive partial melting of a fertile Cambrian–Ordovician volcanic–sedimentary accretionary wedge, promoting a wide-rift mode of extension. Ascent and emplacement of granitic magmas to the middle crust left a still partially hydrated lower crust with an intermediate composition. This process of crustal differentiation may have played an important role in the stratification and stabilisation of the continental crust through the Earth’s history.