Articles publicats en revistes (Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia Aplicada)
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Promotion of stable polymorphs and molecular compound formation in mixtures of a high melting fraction of extra virgin olive oil and cocoa butter(Elsevier B.V., 2026-01-10) Bayés-García, Laura; Calvet Pallàs, Maria Teresa; Sato, KiyotakaThe complex polymorphic crystallization and melting behavior of mixtures of the high melting fraction (HMF) of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and cocoa butter (CB) was analyzed in the present work. All the mixtures prepared for every 10 % concentration ratio were subjected to a cooling procedure from the molten state (50 ◦C) to -50 ◦C at a rate of 2 ◦C/min, and a subsequent heating to the starting temperature at the same rate. Time-resolved synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) experiments, based on simultaneous small- (SR-SAXD) and wide- (SR-WAXD) angle measurements was used to describe the polymorphism exhibited by single HMF and CB, and selected blends of 30CB/70HMF, 50CB/50HMF and 70CB/30HMF. Six (α-2 L, β’3–2 L, β’2–2 L, β’1–2 L, β’2–3 L, β’1–3 L) and two (Forms I and II) polymorphic forms were encountered in single HMF of EVOO and CB, respectively, at the experimental conditions examined. By contrast, in the blends, HMF crystallized in just two phases (β’3–2 L, β’2–2 L), whereas CB was detected in Forms I, II, IV and V. Many difficulties arose in phase identification, due to the large similarities between polymorphs of the raw materials. The addition of CB resulted in a relevant increase of the crystallization and melting temperatures in the mixtures, which were caused by the formation of Forms IV and V of CB, but also the occurrence of a molecular compound (MC) structure. The promotion of more stable forms of CB may be due to the presence of liquid oil (HMF), which accelerated polymorphic transformations by thermodynamic solvent effects. The results obtained in this work may be suitable for the reduction of saturated fats, favoring the predominance of the monounsaturated ones, like oleic acid.Article
Magmatic Storage and Volatile Fluxes of the 2021 La Palma Eruption(Wiley, 2023-02-08) Dayton, K.; Gazel, E.; Wieser, P.; Troll, Valentin R.; Carracedo, J.C.; Aulinas Juncà, Meritxell; Perez-Torrado, F.J.The 2021 La Palma eruption (Tajogaite) was unprecedented in magnitude, duration, and degree of monitoring compared to historical volcanism on La Palma. Here, we provide data on melt inclusions in samples from the beginning and end of the eruption to compare the utility of both melt and fluid inclusions as recorders of magma storage. We also investigated compositional heterogeneities within the magmatic plumbing system. We found two populations of olivine crystals: a low Mg# (78–82) population present at the beginning and end of eruption, recording the maximum volatile contents (2.5 wt % H2O, 1,800 ppm F, 700 ppm Cl, 3,800 ppm S) and a higher Mg# (83–86) population sampled toward the end of the eruption, with lower volatile contents. Despite their host composition, melt inclusions share the same maximum range of CO2 concentrations (1.2–1.4 wt %), indicating olivine growth and inclusion capture at similar depths. Overall, both melt and fluid inclusions record similar pressures (450–850 MPa, ∼15–30 km), and when hosted in the same olivine crystal pressures are indistinguishable within error. At these mantle pressures, CO2 is expected to be an exsolved phase explaining the similar range of CO2 between the two samples, but other volatile species (F, Cl, S) behave incompatibly, and thus, the increase between the two olivine populations can be explained by fractional crystallization prior to eruption. Finally, based on our new data, we provide estimates on the total volatile emission of the eruption.Article
Re-minado de balsas de residuos del procesamiento hidrometalúrgico de menas lateríticas Ni-Co, un potencial recurso de metales críticos(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2025) García-Tudela, Matías; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín Antonio; Pons, José Alberto; Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Aiglsperger, Thomas HansEl despliegue de las tecnologías energéticas necesarias para la descarbonización conlleva un aumento significativo de la demanda de minerales (Comisión Europea, 2023). Según la Agencia Internacional de la Energía (2024), en un escenario de cero emisiones, de todos los minerales críticos, la segunda inversión de capital hasta 2040 será en la minería de Ni, con una inversión estimada de 160 mil millones de dólares. En este contexto, los depósitos lateríticos de Ni-Co contienen aproximadamente el 70% de las reservas mundiales de Ni, representan el 20 % de la producción mundial de Co, y actualmente también constituyen una importante fuente de Sc al mercado mundial.El noreste de Cuba alberga enormes recursos de Ni y Co asociados a depósitos lateríticos (distritos de Nicaro y Bahía de Moa). En estos distritos, las mineralizaciones de Ni y/o Co se encuentran predominantemente en la zona de óxidos, compuesta principalmente por goethita, maghemita y oxihidróxidos de Mn (Domínguez-Carretero et al., 2024). Sin embargo, también hay depósitos cuyos horizontes saprolíticos están bien desarrollados y los cuales presentan concentraciones de Ni elevadas, con abundante serpentina rica en Ni e incluso con fracturas rellenadas por garnierita (Domínguez-Carretero et al., 2024). El procesamiento metalúrgico de las menas lateríticas se realiza mediante dos tipos diferentes de plantas hidrometalúrgicas. La primera utiliza un proceso de lixiviación ácida a alta presión (HPAL) para procesar la mena de la zona de óxidos (horizonte limonítico) y obtener un producto compuesto por sulfuros de Ni+Co. El segundo proceso metalúrgico, llamado Caron, permite el procesamiento de menas procedentes tanto de la zona de óxidos como de la zona saprolítica. En el proceso Caron, mediante una combinación de reducción, lixiviación con NH3, calcinación y sinterización se obtiene un sínter de Ni+Co. Esta intensa actividad extractiva de Ni y Co en el noreste de Cuba durante décadas ha generado balsas de residuos metalúrgicos que tienen volúmenes de millones de toneladas. En esta contribución se presentan nuevos datos sobre la composición química (High Resolution ICP-MS: ICP-SFMS) y la mineralogía (XRD, SEM-EDS, FE-SEM, quantitative target mineralogy (QanTmin)) de las balsas de residuos derivadas de ambos procesos metalúrgicos, con el objetivo de evaluar su posible re-minado como un potencial recurso de metales críticos para la transición energética y digital.
Article
Metales críticos en óxidos de manganeso formados en condiciones supergénicas: Estudio preliminar(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2025) Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Fernando Nieto; Llovet Ximenes, Xavier; Pujol Solà, Núria; Domènech Ortí, Cristina; Galí Medina, Salvador, 1949-; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín AntonioLos óxidos de manganeso (también llamados oxihidróxidos de Mn) son la principal mena de Mn, pero también pueden contener valores interesantes de Ni, Co y otros metales que actualmente se consideran críticos o estratégicos. Estos minerales son frecuentes en perfiles lateríticos de Ni-Co en todo el mundo (p.ej., Manceau et al., 1987, Putzolu et al., 2018; Domènech et al., 2022), y se han descrito tanto en depósitos de tipo óxido (Roqué-Rosell et al., 2010), silicato hidratado (Domènech et al., 2022) y de tipo arcilla (Tauler et al., 2017). También se pueden encontrar en depósitos de bauxitas (Bárdossy, 1982), aunque estos últimos son menos conocidos. Lo que tienen en común los óxidos de Mn que se forman tanto en lateritas como en bauxitas es que mayoritariamente se trata de asbolana ((Ni,Co)xMn(O,OH)4·nH2O; sistema hexagonal) y/o litioforita (Al,Li)MnO2(OH)2; sistema trigonal, aunque el Li no se considera esencial; Bárdossy, 1982; Manceau et al., 1987; Roqué-Rosell et al., 2010; Tauler et al., 2017; Domènech et al., 2022), aunque se han identificado también otros como la romanechita (Putzolu et al., 2018) o la rancieíta (Bárdossy & Brindley, 1978). La asbolana y la litioforita son especies minerales válidas según la International Mineralogical Association (IMA), se encuentran formando agregados masivos, de grano fino y de baja cristalinidad, pero con una estructura atómica en forma de capas (Post, 1999). En el caso de la asbolana, la estructura está constituida una alternancia de capas ocupadas por Mn4+, Ni y Co (Chukhrov, 1982). Con el fin de obtener una caracterización detallada de los distintos óxidos de Mn descritos en los depósitos lateríticos y bauxíticos estudiados, esta contribución combina datos de DRX de polvo, SEM, EMP, LA-ICP-MS y TEM de óxidos de Mn muestreados en distintos depósitos lateríticos de Ni-Co y bauxitas kársticas, y a distintos niveles de los perfiles de meteorización.- ArticleRare Earth Element and Yttrium (REY) Hyper-Enriched Karst Bauxites of the Mercedes-Aceitillar Mining District, Sierra de Bahoruco,SW Dominican Republic(Society of Economic Geologists, 2026-02-23) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín Antonio; Aiglsperger, Thomas Hans; Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Torró i Abat, Lisard; Pujol Solà, Núria; Bover-Arnal, Telm; Tisora, Àngel; Domènech, Carles; Ramírez, Andrés; Rodríguez, Julio, 1971-; Dold, BernhardRare earth elements, including yttrium (REYs), are the most sought-after among the so-called critical or strategic elements for the low-carbon energy industry. In the past decade, karst bauxite deposits have been targeted as potential nonconventional sources of these elements. The karst bauxite deposits from the Mercedes-Aceitillar mining district, classified as Fe-rich bauxites and bauxites sensu stricto, contain anomalously high REY contents oscillating between 514 and 28,787 ppm (median of 1,489 ppm), making them the most REY-enriched karst bauxites globally. Most of the samples studied are enriched in light rare earth elements (La-Nd; up to 7,449 ppm) and Y (up to 14,830 ppm). However, the most REY-enriched bauxites yield particularly high middle rare earth element (Sm-Gd; up to 4,579 ppm) and heavy rare earth element (Tb-Lu; up to 6,163 ppm) contents. In addition, the studied bauxites contain significant amounts of other critical metals, such as Sc and Ga (median of 62 and 39 ppm, respectively). The mineralogy consists predominantly of Al oxyhydroxides (mostly gibbsite), with variable amounts of Fe oxyhydroxides and kaolinite. The REY mineralogy in samples with high REY contents (>3,000 ppm) consists mainly of REY-bearing phosphates (e.g., monazite, xenotime, rhabdophane, churchite) and/or carbonates (bastnäsite group). In samples with moderate REY contents (<3,000 ppm), the main REY-bearing minerals are Al oxyhydroxides, onto which the REYs are most likely adsorbed. These findings indicate that the potential extraction of REYs and other critical metals, such as Sc and Ga, in the studied bauxites from the Mercedes-Aceitillar mining district could add, on average, an ~20% surplus to the revenue obtained from Al2O3 exploitation. The unprecedented REY contents discovered in these karst bauxites from the Dominican Republic present a unique opportunity to unravel critical metal concentration mechanisms in supergene environments and to develop new geochemical models for nonconventional REY deposits.
Article
3D modeling of gas hydrates distribution in South Hydrate Ridge (Cascadia accretionary prism, offshore Oregon) through geological time(Sociedad Geológica de España, 2024) Cabello López, Patricia; Marin, Mar; Cassola, T.; Falivene Aldea, Oriol; Gil-Ortiz, Marc; Yeste, Luis Miguel; Agustí García-Navarro, Àlvar; Uranga Moran, Rodolfo Martín; Berndt, C.South Hydrate Ridge (SHR) is an anticlinal structure that is part of the Cascadia accretionary prism, located offshore of Oregon. SHR has been the subject of multiple multidisciplinary studies and oceanographic campaigns focused on understanding the functioning of gas hydrate systems. Herein, we present a 3D dynamic model of SHR that simulates the distribution of gas hydrates over geological time. This model is based on the application on petroleum system modeling tools and builds upon previously published data and results from 2D models already published. The model reproduces the complex structure of SHR and distinguishes a total of 7 stratigraphic units (from the Pliocene to the Present), primarily composed of silty clays and clays interbedded with sands. The model predicts a heterogeneous distribution of gas hydrate saturation in SHR at present, with higher values observed on the flanks of the main ridge and on the crests of secondary highs (maximum values of up to 23% of porosity). According to the model, the initiation of hydrate formation occurred mainly between 1.7 Ma and 1.6 Ma, and its accumulation has persisted throughout the evolution of the ridge, alternating with dissociation in certain areas and moments. Such variable distribution and the alternation of formation and dissociation would respond to the differential growth of the structures forming the SHR. These structures control the availability of gas, which migrates upward through deformed strata, and would influence the distribution of the gas hydrate stability zone.Article
The gradual shift from forearc basalt-like to boninite-like magmatism during intra-oceanic subduction-initiation recorded by ophiolitic chromite deposits from Cuba(Springer Verlag, 2025-10-01) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín Antonio; Pujol Solà, Núria; Gervilla, Fernando; Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Colás, Vanessa; Núñez-Cambra, Kenya; Piñero-Pérez, E.; Garcia-Casco, AntonioCuba contains the largest number of ophiolitic chromite deposits throughout the Americas. Most of these deposits are found within the mantle section of the Eastern Cuba and Camagüey ophiolitic massifs, which contain four different chromite mining districts (Camagüey, Mayarí, Sagua de Tánamo, and Moa-Baracoa). In addition to their potential as economic resources, chromite deposits are also excellent petrogenetic indicators to interpret the nature of ancient upper mantle, processes of melt formation in the mantle, and large-scale geodynamic processes. In this sense, major and trace elements of unaltered Cr-spinel cores together with chromitite whole-rock PGE composition reveal that high-Al Camagüey and Moa-Baracoa chromite districts were formed in equilibrium with forearc basalts (FAB)-like magmas during the incipient intra-oceanic subduction of the proto-Caribbean lithosphere underneath the Caribbean lithosphere, in a subduction-initiation process. Conversely, the high-Cr Mayarí chromite district was formed in equilibrium with more hydrated melts of boninitic affinity, typical of a more advanced stage of the subduction-initiation process. Nonetheless, the shift from FABlike to boninite-like magmatism in an intra-oceanic subduction is gradual. This progressive change is well-recorded in the Sagua de Tánamo district that contains both high-Al and high-Cr chromitites. Thus, the studied ophiolitic chromitites allow tracing the complete magmatic evolution of an intra-oceanic subduction-initiation process. Furthermore, our data exhibits that accessory Cr-spinel composition of peridotites surrounding chromitites can be used as a prospecting indicator to anticipate the composition of ophiolitic chromitite bodies. Systematically, Cr-spinel from dunites associated with highAl chromite deposits have lower Cr# values compared to the accessory Cr-spinel from the associated harzburgites. On the contrary, Cr-spinel from dunites of high-Cr chromite deposits show higher Cr# compared to the accessory Cr-spinel from the host harzburgites.Article
(Nano)-partículas de Au-Ag en sulfuros masivos volcanogénicos de la ofiolita de Habana-Matanzas, Cuba(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2022-06-23) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín Antonio; González Jiménez, José María; García-Casco, AntonioLos depósitos de sulfuros masivos volcanogénicos encajados en rocas ultramáficas (UM-VMS, por sus siglas en inglés) representan un nuevo subtipo de depósito dentro de los depósitos VMS (Patten et al., 2022). La ofiolita de Habana-Matanzas, en Cuba, contiene diversos depósitos pertenecientes a esta subtipología. Estos depósitos representan, además, el único ejemplo de UM-VMS descrito hasta la fecha en toda la región del Caribe. Estos depósitos están enriquecidos en Cu, Co y Au (hasta 10 g/t). La mineralización está conformada principalmente por sulfuros (pirrotina, calcopirita, cubanita y pirita), y en menor medida por diarseniuros, sulfoarseniuros y partículas de Au-Ag. Estas últimas se hallan como (nano)-inclusiones dentro de granos de pirrotina y de diarseniurosArticle
Nanomaterial accumulation in boiling brines enhances epithermal bonanzas(Nature Publishing Group, 2023-12-01) Cano, Néstor; González Jiménez, José María; Camprubí, Antoni; Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; González-Partida, Eduardo; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín AntonioEpithermal bonanza-type ores, characterized by weight-percent contents of e.g., gold and silver in a few mm to cm, are generated by mixtures of magmatic-derived hydrothermal brines and external fluids (e.g., meteoric) that transport a variety of metals to the site of deposition. However, the low solubilities of precious metals in hydrothermal fluids cannot justify the high concentrations necessary to produce such type of hyper-enriched metal ore. Here we show that boiling metal-bearing brines can produce, aggregate, and accumulate metal nanomaterials, ultimately leading to focused gold + silver ± copper over-enrichments. We found direct nano-scale evidence of nanoparticulate gold- and/or silver-bearing ores formed via nonclassical growth (i.e., nanomaterial attachment) during boiling in an intermediate-sulfidation epithermal bonanza. The documented processes may explain the generation of bonanzas in metal-rich brines from a range of mineral deposit types.Article
The Geology, Geochemistry, and Mineralogy of the Moa Bay Ni Laterite Mining District, Cuba(Society of Economic Geologists, 2024-06-03) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín Antonio; Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Aiglsperger, Thomas Hans; Tauler i Ferré, Esperança; Rojas-Purón, Arturo; Duque-Garcés, Nathalia; González Jiménez, José María; Garcia-Casco, Antonio; Galí Medina, Salvador, 1949-The Moa Bay lateritic Ni-Co mining district (eastern Cuba) has total mineral resources of 198.54 million metric tonnes (Mt) at 1.07% Ni and 0.12% Co. Laterite profiles from this district are characterized by their oxide-dominated ore zones. Laterite profiles from the Yagrumaje Norte, Punta Gorda, and Yamanigüey deposits contain average Ni and Co concentrations in the oxide zone of 0.88 and 0.12%. Goethite is the most abundant mineral in the oxide zone and the most important Ni-Co-Sc–bearing mineral, with median NiO, CoO, and Sc contents of 0.78 wt %, 0.07 wt %, and 58 ppm, respectively, and up to 2.77 wt %, 0.26 wt %, and 117 ppm. Maghemite is also widely present (avg of 5% and up to 19% modal proportion) and represents an important but largely ignored Ni- and Co-bearing ore phase, with median NiO and CoO concentrations of 2.11 and 0.25 wt %, respectively, and maximum values of 13.9 and 1.84 wt % each. Nickel and Co substitute for ferric iron in the structure of maghemite. Manganese oxyhydroxides (lithiophorite and lithiophorite-asbolane intermediate), which are also significant Ni-Co–bearing phases, have median NiO and CoO contents of 10.6 and 6.41 wt %, respectively. Some Mn oxyhydroxides, which formed after replacing goethite, also contain significant amounts of Sc (up to 94 ppm). Although most deposits in the Moa Bay lateritic district are classified as oxide type, Yamanigüey (avg Ni grade of 1.98%) is characterized by well-developed saprolite horizons, with secondary serpentine (serpentine II) and garnierite being the main Ni-bearing phases.Article
Oxihidróxidos de aluminio como fase portadora principal de REE+Y en las bauxitas kársticas de Bahoruco, República Dominicana(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2025-01-15) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Llovet Ximenes, Xavier ; Torró i Abat, Lisard; Pujol Solà, Núria; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín AntonioLa transición energética, la cual pretende reducir las emisiones de carbono a la atmósfera para frenar el cambio climático, demanda de un suministro creciente de los denominados “metales críticos” (Comisión Europea, 2023). Las tierras raras junto con el itrio (REY) son de los metales que mayor criticidad presentan, pues son indispensables en la mayoría de las tecnologías responsables de generación y almacenamiento de energías renovables. En consecuencia, la demanda que el mercado tiene de REY no ha dejado de crecer, viéndose un incremento en su producción global desde 110.000 toneladas en 2013 hasta las 300.000 toneladas en 2022 (USGS, 2024). Esta subida en la demanda ha provocado el interés en encontrar REY en depósitos de tipo “no convencional”, como por ejemplo en bauxitas kársticas (Torró et al., 2017; Villanova-de-Benavent et al., 2023), las cuales pueden llegar a tener entre cientos y algunos miles de ppm de REY.Las bauxitas kársticas de la Sierra de Bahoruco, al SO de República Dominicana, son consideradas como las más enriquecidas en REY del planeta, con contenidos promedio de REY de 1.900 ppm, los cuales duplican y cuadriplican los contenidos promedio en REY de las bauxitas kársticas mediterráneas y chinas, respectivamente. Además, en la Sierra de Bahoruco existen depósitos cuyos contenidos en REY pueden ser superiores al 2 % en peso (Villanovade-Benavent et al., 2023). Estas bauxitas están encajadas en distintas unidades carbonatadas de edades eocenas hasta cuaternarias que registran la transición desde ambientes deposicionales profundos de plataforma externa hasta ambientes más someros de plataforma interna y de arrecife, previos a su emersión en el Pleistoceno (Pérez-Valera y Abad, 2010). Las bauxitas de Bahoruco son clasificadas como bauxitas arcillosas o bauxitas ricas en Fe, y están predominantemente formadas por fases de grano muy fino de oxihidróxidos de Al (gibbsita, boehmita y nordstrandita), caolinita y oxihidróxidos de Fe (goethita, hematites).
Article
Lower Miocene carbonate platforms of the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela) compared to the offshore Perla Field reservoir((UB). (ICTJA). (IDEA). (UAB). (CSIC), 2025-10-28) Albert-Villanueva, Eduard; Bover-Arnal, Telm; Ferràndez i Cañadell, Carles; González, Lenin; Esteban, Mateu; Salas, Ramon (Salas Roig)Based on field data collected in the northern and southern Falcón Basin (Venezuela), this paper presents a comprehensive monograph that reports on the age and sedimentary evolution of the San Luis and Churuguara formations. It integrates platform-to-basin depositional models through facies distribution and stratal architecture, a palaeogeographic reconstruction, larger foraminifera biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, and the evaluation of the accommodation history. An additional aim is to compare these onshore mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems with the Oligo-Miocene subsurface carbonate reservoir of Perla in offshore Gulf of Venezuela, considered the largest gas discovery ever in Latin America. The carbonate platforms studied formed as a result of a second-order transgressive event, and corresponded to distally steepened or undifferentiated ramps dominated by coralline algae and larger foraminifera. The presence of Miosorites americanus and Annulosorites spiralis dates the San Luis and Churuguara formations to the Early Miocene. The miogypsinid associations identified further distinguish between the Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages. The San Luis and Churuguara platforms exhibit a general aggradational trend, while the Perla carbonates have been interpreted as a retrogradational unit. Third-order T-R sequences interpreted from these successions were mainly influenced by differential tectonic subsidence. Additionally, major regional regressive events in the Falcón Basin and Perla Field coincide with global glaciations, highlighting the influence of eustatic changes. However, the Perla reservoir exhibits significant differences in thickness, spatial extent and sedimentary architecture compared to the onshore equivalents. The differences arise from variations in tectonic and palaeotopographic settings, accommodation and sedimentation rates and influence of adjacent siliciclastic systems. As a result, predicting the sedimentary architecture of carbonate reservoirs in this region using a generalized depositional model has proven to be challenging.Article
Mineralogía del Sc en los depósitos de lateritas de Ni-Co de Moa Bay (Cuba)(Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 2023) Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Aiglsperger, Thomas Hans; Llovet Ximenes, Xavier; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín AntonioEl escandio (Sc), incluido por varios autores dentro de los elementos de las tierras raras (ETR), es considerado una materia prima crítica estratégica (European Commission, 2023) por sus aplicaciones en la industria aeroespacial (aleaciones de Sc-Al), y en la generación y almacenamiento de energías renovables (p.ej., pilas de combustible de óxido sólido o SOFC, en inglés). La criticidad del Sc se acentúa debido a que actualmente su tasa de entrada de reciclaje al final de su vida útil (EOL-RIR, por sus siglas en inglés) es del 0% (European Commission, 2023). Por otra parte, debido a sus características geoquímicas, se encuentra en proporciones muy bajas y muy disperso en la corteza terrestre (21.9 ppm Sc, Samson & Chassé, 2016). Por eso, siempre se extrae como subproducto de otros metales y materias primas (p. ej., Fe, REE, Ti, Zr, U, Ni, apatito, Al; USGS, 2022).Aproximadamente el 90 % de la producción mundial de Sc proviene del depósito de REE-Fe-Nb de Bayan Obo (China), seguido por los complejos carbonatíticos-alcalinos de Rusia y Ucrania. A parte de estos yacimientos primarios, existen importantes recursos de Sc en depósitos secundarios, principalmente en lateritas formadas a partir de la meteorización de complejos de tipo Ural-Alaska (p.ej., Chassé et al., 2016) y a partir de complejos ofiolíticos (p.ej., Aiglsperger et al., 2016). De hecho, en el depósito laterítico de Ni-Co de Taganito (Filipinas), se están recuperando 7-8 toneladas/año de óxido de Sc por lixiviación ácida (USGS, 2022).
Este trabajo tiene como objetivos estudiar los minerales portadores de Sc en los depósitos lateríticos de Ni-Co del distrito de clase mundial de Moa Bay (SE Cuba), mediante análisis químico de roca total (Espectrometría de Masas con Plasma Acoplado Inductivamente o ICP-MS, y fluorescencia de rayos X o XRF), microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y microsonda electrónica (EMP). Para ello, se han investigado dos perfiles lateríticos de Ni-Co: i) Yagrumaje Norte, de tipo óxido, caracterizado por un horizonte limonítico de gran potencia (y un horizonte saprolítico de poco espesor); y ii) Yamanigüey, de tipo silicato hidratado, con un importante desarrollo del horizonte saprolítico.
Article
Strontium-isotope stratigraphy of the Aptian–Albian transition inthe western Maestrat Basin (E Iberia)((UB). (ICTJA). (IDEA). (UAB). (CSIC), 2025-12-01) Bover-Arnal, Telm; Pascual-Cebrian, Enric; Moreno-Bedmar, Josep Anton; Salas, Ramon (Salas Roig)The Aptian–Albian transition in the Maestrat Basin (E Iberian Chain) encompasses two lithostratigraphic units:the Benassal and Escucha formations. In some sectors of the basin, such as the western Galve and Las Parras
sub-basins, this stratigraphic interval recorded a progressive shift from widespread carbonate platform settings
to coastal siliciclastic-influenced and coal-bearing environments. Due to the transitional nature of this interval,
establishing a clear stratigraphic boundary between the upper part of the Benassal Formation and the lower part
of the Escucha Formation is challenging. Additionally, there is no unanimous agreement on the age range of
these formations. To shed light on the stratigraphic location of the boundary between the Aptian and the Albian,
strontium-isotope analyses were carried out on thirteen low-Mg calcite oyster shells to derive numerical ages.
In the Las Parras Sub-basin, the 87Sr/86Sr values obtained from the siliciclastic-influenced transitional deposits
between the Benassal and Escucha formations, as well as from the lowermost part of the Escucha Formation,
range from 0.707282±0.000002 to 0.707410±0.000002. These Sr-isotope ratios translate into numerical ages that constrain this stratigraphic interval to the early Albian. The oyster shells collected in the Galve Sub-basin exhibit a higher degree of diagenetic alteration. Nevertheless, the least altered specimens analysed from the lower part of the transitional facies between the Benassal and Escucha formations in this latter sub-basin yielded Sr-isotope ratios between 0.707197±0.000003 and 0.707256±0.000002. These values correspond to ages spanning from the latest Aptian to the earliest Albian. Accordingly, in most sectors of the western Maestrat Basin, the Aptian–Albian boundary is likely to be stratigraphically located at the lowermost part of the transitional facies between the Benassal and Escucha formations.
Article
Accurate electron probe microanalysis of key petrogenetic minor and trace elements in Cr-spinel(Elsevier B.V., 2024-12-15) Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Llovet Ximenes, Xavier ; Pujol Solà, Núria; Villanova de Benavent, Cristina; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín AntonioThe trace element composition of Cr-spinel is paramount for interpreting the petrogenesis of a large group of mafic to ultramafic rocks. Although laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has proven to be very useful for the determination of trace element abundances of Cr-spinel, the characterization of Cr-spinel grains that are inhomogeneous over micrometer length scales requires the use of techniques that provide a better spatial resolution than LA-ICP-MS. In this work, we develop a protocol for the determination of trace and minor elements in Cr-spinel by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) using the software provided by the manufacturer. The optimized analytical conditions (25 kV accelerating voltage, 900 nA beam current, 60–480 s peak counting times, aggregate spectrometer data) allowed us to achieve detection limits (3σ) in the range 4–26 ppm with relative analytical precisions (2σ) in the range 1–3 % for all analyzed elements (Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn), except for Sc and Ga, for which the precision was much lower (36–46 %). The developed methodology was applied to the analysis of Cr-spinel grains from the Mayarí-Baracoa Ophiolitic Belt (eastern Cuba), in correspondence with previous LA-ICP-MS analyses, which were used to assess the reliability of the EPMA results. The root mean square percentage deviation (RMS) between the EPMA and LA-ICP-MS data was in the range 4.7–22.5 % for Ti, V, Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn, while for Ga the RMS value was 32.5 %. For Sc, the RMS value was much higher (171 %), despite the low detection limit achieved (4 ppm) for this element. Our results indicate that the trace element composition of primary Cr-spinel obtained by EPMA can be readily used, except for Sc, to constrain petrogenetic information on chromitites in a reliable way.Article
A General Conceptual Petrological Model for the Subsolidus Transformation of Chromitite with Application and Implications(Oxford University Press, 2025-04-01) Garcia-Casco, Antonio; Pujol Solà, Núria; Novo-Fernández, Irene; Arenas, Ricardo; Rojo-Pérez, Esther; Cambeses, Aitor; Molina, José Francisco; Sánchez Martínez, Sonia; Domínguez-Carretero, Diego; Iglesias, Gabriel; Proenza Fernández, Joaquín AntonioA general petrologic model for the transformation of chromitite in the FeO–MgO–Al2O3–Cr2O3–SiO2–H2O (FMACrSH) system is presented based in mass-balance and thermodynamic constraints. In the model, the transformation of chromitite reaches the common Crspinel+chlorite assemblage of transformed chromitites upon reaction with external fluid. This metasomatic process takes place in two major sequential steps involving a net-transfer reaction of olivine consumption first ensued by Cr-spinel+chlorite dissolution– precipitation. The first step is completed early in the hydration/metasomatic process producing new Cr-spinel (+chlorite±brucite) with restricted composition close to the composition of reacting mantle Cr-spinel as a function of Cr-spinel/olivine ratio and the stoichiometric coefficients of olivine and Cr-spinel in the net-transfer reaction. The second transformation step, triggered upon exhaustion of olivine, is protracted and continuously produces increasing chlorite and decreasing Cr-spinel contents, the latter with continued more deviated composition from reacting mantle Cr-spinel, as a function of continued infiltration of external fluid. The mass-balance model does not prejudice transformation under isothermal-isobaric conditions, heating, or cooling, but thermodynamic calculations confirm that all these thermal scenarios are possible for the generation of the predicted mineral assemblages and compositions. These calculations demonstrate that extreme Cr-spinel compositions are a strong function of decreasing spinel volume upon reaction progress at reaction sites under strongly overstepped conditions. The application of the model to mantle chromitites of the Cadomian Calzadilla metaophiolite (Ossa-Morena Complex, SW Iberia) allows reinterpreting the thermal scenario for chromitite transformation in a context of prograde metamorphism at near-isothermal-isobaric conditions. Proposals of cooling during transformation of regionally metamorphosed chromitites should be revisited in light of the petrologic model offered.Article
Late Ordovician deglaciation of the Murzuq Basin (SW Libya): a core to seismic-scale characterization of the depositional environments and sedimentary architecture(Elsevier B.V., 2021-09-24) Bataller, F.J.; McDougall, N.D.; Moscariello, A.; Gil-Ortiz, Marc; Cavalcanti de Paula, B.Glacial reservoirs have been the focus of numerous studies in various basins around the world, often with the aim of supporting hydrocarbon exploration and development. These reservoirs present a significant challenge due to their inherently complex internal architectures and significant lateral heterogeneities. This is of significant importance, not only for both exploration and reservoir production optimization, but also as an opportunity for stratigraphic trapping and enhanced prospectivity in mature areas. This study is focused on a major glaciogenic reservoir, of Late Ordovician age, in the Murzuq Basin (SW Libya). It aims to integrate subsurface datasets, such as 3D seismic with well-based sedimentological data (core, conventional wireline logs and wellbore resistivity images). The study proposes a comprehensive facies scheme optimized for the sub-surface but consistent with outcrops, and aims to generate depositional models, characterize the complex internal architecture of the reservoir, establish a genetic stratigraphic framework and evaluate facies in terms of reservoir properties and stratigraphic trap potential. Results, integrating subsurface facies analysis and well-calibrated seismic stratigraphy support previous models, derived from outcrop analysis, suggesting that these complex reservoirs cannot be characterised by purely lithostratigraphic criteria. To aid in the assessment of these formations, a facies scheme is proposed, focused on subsurface data but also considering other published, outcrop-based, schemes. Additionally, an interpretation is presented of the internal architecture of the Upper Ordovician based on a succession of several ice advance-retreat cycles, not all of which are present across the study area. Each cycle corresponds to a seismic package interpreted to comprise the deposits of several key sedimentation phases, resulting in a complex mosaic of genetic packages generated by multiple, often areally-restricted, cut and fill events. Predictive stratigraphic models are proposed for this complex package, based on both seismic stratigraphy and well-based sedimentology. The implications for future prospectivity and the significance for stratigraphic trap potential are also discussed.Article
Mineral-driven persulfate activation: the role of recycled concrete alkalinityin oxidative water treatment(Elsevier Ltd., 2025-10-25) Cappelli, Chiara; Fernández-Lagunas, Albert; Usieto, María; Rosell, Mònica; Torrentó Aguerri, Clara; Domènech Ortí, Cristina; Palau, Jordi; Soler i Gil, AlbertThe dissolution of concrete—a prevalent anthropogenic material—generates hyperalkaline, Ca-rich leachatesthat may influence redox processes in subsurface environments. The knowledge of these geochemical processesserves as theoretical framework for the application of recycling concrete material to circular economy systems,providing sustainable alternatives to the concerning issue of the construction waste management while positivelyacting on specific environmental settings. This study investigates the potential of recycled concrete as a longtermalkaline activator for sodium persulfate in In Situ Chemical Oxidation groundwater treatments, with afocus on application in groundwater-recharge interception trenches in the vadose zone. A laboratory-scale studywas conducted using flow-through columns filled with crushed recycled concrete, which was exposed tocontaminated groundwater. The research assessed (i) the ability of concrete to generate and maintain alkalineconditions for persulfate activation, (ii) its mineralogical composition to determine reactivity and surfacepassivation, and (iii) chemical changes occurring upon persulfate addition at two different dosages. Resultsshowed that recycled concrete effectively maintained high pH and buffered the system after persulfate injection,enabling efficient activation of the oxidant and substantial degradation of dissolved organic carbon. The systemwas controlled by the dissolution of concrete aggregates and cement phase together with the carbonation and(re)precipitation of new phases. The role of calcium and aluminium/magnesium silicate hydrates was proven tobe crucial for the stability of the concrete microstructure and for maintaining the alkalinity. These findingsdemonstrate the dual role of recycled concrete for providing long-term alkaline activation of persulfate andmitigating clogging risks, supporting is practical use in groundwater remediation strategies promoting circulareconomy principles. Furthermore, these findings mirror processes observed in different hyperalkaline systems (e.g., radioactive waste repositories, CO2 storage) where mineral-driven redox reactions control contaminant fate and/or carbon sequestration.Article
Characterization of the Miocene Castellón Sandstones Formation in the Western Mediterranean as a potential geological carbon storage site(Elsevier B.V., 2025-06-06) Gil-Ortiz, Marc; Gómez Rivas, Enrique; Alcalde, Juan; Cabello López, Patricia; Yeste, Luis Miguel; Zamora, Gonzalo; Carrasco, Ángel; García Fernández-Valderrama, David; Martín-Monge, Antonio; Mañas, Marta; Olgado Azpiazu, María Victoria; Ron Martín, Manuel; Lukito, Pujianto; Pángaro, FranciscoIn response to the growing interest in decarbonizing Europe's industrial hubs, this study examines the potential of the Miocene Castellón Sandstones Formation in the Valencia Trough for geological carbon storage. The proposed storage unit is represented by a siliciclastic succession formed mainly by sandstones and sandy heterolithics, in the Ebro Delta offshore area of the Valencia Trough. The sedimentological characterization of this succession, based on the study of a cored section from Amposta Marino C-2 well, has allowed to identify up to eleven lithofacies, comprising sandstones, heterolithics, calcarenites and carbonate breccias. These lithofacies can be grouped in six facies associations, including: 1) fluvial channel, 2) delta front proximal mouth bar, 3) delta front distal mouth bar, 4) proximal prodelta, 5) distal prodelta and 6) shelfal lag. The seismic stratigraphic analysis carried out throughout the study area points out to the additional presence of delta plain deposits in the northeastern sector of the study area, approximately at 30 km from the present-day Ebro delta shoreline. Based on the interpretation of these facies and seismic facies associations, the proposed depositional model consists of a river dominated, wave-influenced delta for the proto-Ebro deltaic system during the Late Miocene in the Valencia Trough. This study proposes that this sand-prone succession is presented as a good candidate for geological carbon storage in the study area, considering its proximity to the onshore Tarragona's industrial complex and its optimal reservoir characteristics. Additionally, the thick succession of the Ebro Shales also shows great potential as a vertical and lateral seal of the underlying Castellón Sandstones Formation.Article
Variable dual C-Cl isotope slopes of trichloromethane transformation by alkaline-activated persulfate under different simulated field conditions(Elsevier B.V., 2025-06-05) Gil-Villalba, Sergio; Rosell, Mònica; Torrentó Aguerri, Clara; Vinyes-Nadal, Martí; Soler i Gil, Albert; Palau, JordiLaboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of δ13C and δ37Cl isotopic values of trichloromethane (TCM) to monitor and quantify its transformation during alkaline persulfate (PS) activation. Batch experiments were designed to replicate different TCM:PS molar ratios, pH values, the presence of CO32- ion and the simulation of an alkaline interception trench. Results revealed three distinct C-Cl isotopic trends; First, despite differences in degradation kinetics, isotopic trends were consistent across TCM:PS molar ratios (ΛC-Cl between 23 ± 10 and 33 ± 6), suggesting that radical activation remained unaffected. Conversely, at pH 12.8, alkaline hydrolysis (AH) became the predominant degradation process (ΛC-Cl of 9 ± 1 and 11 ± 1) over reaction with PS derived radical species. Finally, in the presence of excess CO32- ion, which acts as radical scavenger probably affecting the radical species involved in TCM degradation, a ΛC-Cl value of 5.5 ± 0.6 was observed, suggesting a reductive degradation reaction. Therefore, our results reveal, for the first time, that the dual C-Cl isotope slope during TCM degradation by PS varies significantly depending on field conditions. The unexpected accumulation of higher chlorinated byproducts, such as hexachloroethane, during TCM degradation by alkaline-activated PS was observed for the first time and further research is needed in real open-systems to assess its potential environmental implications.