Llibres / Capítols de llibre (Bioquímica i Fisiologia)

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Trends in Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences I
(Medwin Publishers, 2020-05) Cajal Visa, Yolanda; Ciudad i Gómez, Carlos Julián; Muñoz-Torrero López-Ibarra, Diego; Vallès Xirau, Joan, 1959-
Trends in Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences I is the first issue of an open access E-book devoted to scientific and technical research that covers the entire spectrum of drug and food research, including medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, drug delivery, microbiology and biochemical studies, as well as relevant developments in nutrition, food safety and analytical innovation. The first chapter, Different techniques to detect G protein coupled receptor heteromers, describes state of the art techniques based in biophysical principles applied to detect oligomeric aggregates formed by G-protein coupled receptors in the cell membrane, and describes how the knowledge generated can be applied to design new compounds for the treatment of neurological and mental diseases. Obesity has become a worldwide problem and it is well known that causes and exacerbates many health problems by promoting profound changes in physiological functions. Chapter 2, Analysis of the role of diet in the appearance of neurodegenerative processes, reviews the consequences of these metabolic alterations while considering their effects in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and their role in the appearance of cognitive impairments such as the sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s disease. The development of new cultivars facing climate change is an issue of great interest for the agrochemical industry and can be approached in different ways. Chapter 3, Arabidopsis Thaliana A Model for the Study of Plant Speciation, reviews different aspects of the plant immune system and the different layers of the plant immune response and signaling. The emerging field in plant research that studies how soil microbiota influences plant basic mechanisms is also discussed. Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America, but recently and due to human migrations, it is becoming a global health problem. In chapter 4, Trypanosoma cruzi infection diagnosis: New insights, challenges and perspectives, a group of experts from several institutions describe the different techniques that can be used for the serological diagnosis of the infection and the characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi, discuss the advantages and drawbacks of each method and propose improvements that would entail important savings for health institutions. Chapter 5, Nutrients, Control of Gene Expression and Metabolic Homeostasis, focuses on the molecular mechanisms that control metabolism by means of regulating gene expression in response to dietary inputs, to design new therapeutic strategies based on nutritional interventions against metabolic diseases. In this context, involvement of FGF21 hormone in the regulation of lipid metabolism during amino acid starvation is described, thus reinforcing its important role as an endocrine factor in coordinating energy homeostasis under a variety of nutritional conditions. This raises the possibility of dietary modulation of circulating levels of FGF21 as an alternative approach to its pharmacological administration. Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating neuroprotective drugs have enormous potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer´s disease and glaucoma. Recent advances in the field are described in chapter 6, Polymeric nanoparticles for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s disease and glaucoma, specifically the preparation of engineered polymeric nanoparticles with attached peptides or antibodies to increase their bioavailability, favoring their transport through the blood brain barrier and the blood retinal barrier, avoiding at the same time possible drug adverse and toxic effects. The last chapter, Pentacyclic triterpenes in table olives: Determination of their composition and bioavailability by LC-M, is a review on the pentacyclic triterpenes contained in table olives, natural compounds of enormous interest due to their beneficial effects on human health, including hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, antiviral, cardioprotective and antitumor activities. Authors describe a selective and sensitive LC–MS method for the simultaneous determination of the main triterpenic compounds present in Olea europaea L. This opens the possibility to bioavailability studies after consumption of different foods, or administration of plants widely used in traditional medicine, with the aim of studying in depth the beneficial effects of these compounds in human beings. We hope that this new volume will attract the interest of all the scientific community, especially those working in the fields of pharmaceutical, medical, biological, chemical and food sciences.
Membrane Vesicles from the Gut Microbiota and Their Interactions with the Host
(Springer Nature, 2020-04-01) Badía Palacín, Josefa; Baldomà Llavinés, Laura
Gut microbiota plays an essential role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and human health. Microbiota establishes a complex network of dynamic and reciprocal interactions with the intestinal epithelium and immune system. The mucin layer that covers the epithelium prevents luminal bacteria from accessing host cells. Thus, microbiota–host communication mainly relies on secreted factors and membrane vesicles (MVs), which can cross the inner mucus layer and reach the epithelium. This chapter focuses on the role of microbiota-secreted MVs as key players in signaling processes in the intestinal mucosa. This is an emerging research topic, with the first reports dating from 2012. Microbiota-derived MVs are involved in interspecies communication in the gut, between bacteria and between microbiota and host. Here we present current knowledge on the mechanisms used by microbiota MVs to assist and control the gut microbial community and to modulate host immune and defense responses. Constant stimulation of immune receptors by microbiota MVs results in tightly controlled inflammation that contributes to tolerogenic responses essential to maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Moreover, gut microbiota MVs are emerging as physical vehicles for distribution and delivery of bacterial effectors to distal tissues in human health and disease.
Study of the transport of substances across the blood-brain barrier with the 8D3 anti-transferrin receptor antibody
(Research Signpost, 2018) Cabezón Rodríguez, Itsaso; Augé Marí, Elisabet; Camins Espuny, Antoni; Vilaplana i Hortensi, Jordi; Pelegrí i Gabaldà, Carme
Numerous strategies have been proposed to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and efficiently deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. One of these strategies consists of linking the pharmacologically active substance to a molecular vector that acts as a molecular Trojan Horse and is capable of crossing the BBB using a receptor-mediated transcellular transport system of the brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). The transferrin receptor (TfR) is related to a transcytosis process in these cells, and the 8D3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), directed against the mouse TfR, is able to induce a receptor response. Thus, the 8D3 antibody could be a potential molecular Trojan Horse to transport pharmacologically active substances across the BBB. On these bases, a series of experiments were performed where the 8D3 antibody was conjugated to different cargoes, the resulting constructs were administered in vivo to mice, and the distribution and intracellular mechanisms that these constructs undergo at the BBB were studied. Our results indicated a TfR-mediated and clathrin-dependent internalization process by which the 8D3-cargo constructs enters the BCEC. The resulting endocytic vesicles follow at least two different routes. On one hand, most vesicles enter intracellular processes of vesicular fusion and rearrangement in which the cargo is guided to late endosomes, multivesicular bodies or lysosomes. On the other hand, a small but not negligible percentage of the vesicles follow a different route in which they fuse with the abluminal membrane and open towards the basal lamina, indicating a potential route for the delivery of therapeutic substances. In this route, however, the 8D3−cargo remain fixed to the abluminal membrane, indicating that the 8D3 is maintained linked to the TfR, and the cargo does not go beyond the basal membrane. Altogether, different optimization approaches need to be developed for efficient drug delivery, but receptor-mediated transport (RMT) continues to be one of the most promising strategies to overcome the BBB.
An overview on the modulation of the intestinal barrier and immune response by membrane vesicles secreted by the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
(Research Signpost, 2018) Badía Palacín, Josefa; Fábrega Fernández, María José; Cañas Pacheco, María Alexandra; Aguilera Gil, Maria Laura; Giménez Claudio, Rosa; Alvarez Villagomez, Carina Shianya; Baldomà Llavinés, Laura
Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a good colonizer of the human gut and its efficacy in the inflammatory process undergone in ulcerative colitis has been demonstrated. The probiotic action is mainly through the modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junctions and immune system. Here we review the role of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by this probiotic strain on the modulation of intestinal homeostasis. EcN OMVs enter into host epithelial cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and are sorted to lysosomes via endocytic compartments. In cellular models of intestinal barrier, EcN OMVs stimulate the underlying immune system through the intestinal epithelium, triggering immune and defense responses. Thus, the use of probiotic derived OMVs could be a safe probiotic-derived strategy targeting intestinal inflammatory processes.
Polypurine Reverse Hoogsteen Hairpins as a tool for gene repair and editing
(Research Signpost, 2017) Ciudad i Gómez, Carlos Julián; Solé Ferré, Anna; Félix, Álex J.; Noé Mata, Verónica
Immunomodulatory role of probiotics in early life
(Research Signpost, 2017) Rodríguez Lagunas, María José; Azagra Boronat, Ignasi; Saldaña-Ruíz, Sandra; Massot Cladera, Malen; Rigo Adrover, Maria del Mar; Sabaté-Jofre, Anna; Franch i Masferrer, Àngels; Castell, Margarida; Pérez-Cano, Francisco J.
Un cas clínic sobre el consum de risc d'alcohol com a eina d'integració de coneixements en el Grau de Farmàcia
(ICE i Ediciones OCTAEDRO, S.L., 2017-11) Cambras Riu, Trinitat; Rodamilans Pérez, Miguel
El projecte «Casos clínics transversals» és una estratègia docent desenvolupada a la Facultat de Farmàcia de la Universitat de Barcelona basada en la realització de casos clínics. La seva particularitat és que els casos es resolen progressivament en el context de diverses assignatures al llarg del grau amb l’objectiu d’afavorir la integració de coneixements. El primer cas clínic dissenyat va ser sobre el consum de risc d’alcohol. El consum de risc d'alcohol és un tema de gran interès sanitari i resulta idoni com a cas clínic transversal perquè pot ser abordat des d'un gran nombre de disciplines. El cas s'utilitza, des de cadascuna de les 14 assignatures implicades en el projecte, com a fil conductor entre les diverses matèries. D'aquesta manera a mesura que s'avança en el grau, els estudiants veuen l'evolució del personatge del cas clínic, les circumstàncies del seu procés, el seu comportament i les conseqüències que d'aquest se'n deriven pel que fa a salut. En aquest quadern es presenta el projecte docent, en general, i el cas clínic sobre consum d’alcohol, en particular, en les seves tres vessants: com a eina d’integració de coneixements, de coordinació de professorat i de sensibilització social sobre el consum d’alcohol. A continuació es presenta la problemàtica associada al consum de risc d’alcohol sobre la salut i la metodologia d’implementació del cas clínic al llarg del grau. Finalment es mostra un breu resum dels continguts de les assignatures que s’han desenvolupat durant el cas clínic. Aquesta actuació docent resulta d’interès tant per la seva metodologia com pel seu contingut, el qual pot ser d’utilitat en qualsevol ensenyament en el camp de Ciències de la Salut.
Bioavailability and metabolism of maslinic acid, a natural pentacyclic triterpene
(Research Signpost, 2016) Juan i Olivé, M. Emília; Planas i Rosselló, Joana M.
Maslinic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene found in plants used in traditional medicine with antidiabetic, antitumor, antioxidant and parasitostatic activities. A diet rich in foods of plant origin could provide a regular supply of this bioactive compound since it has been detected in olives, spinaches, eggplants, chickpeas and pomegranates. The multiple biological effects elicited by maslinic acid suggest its putative use as nutraceutical. This review summarizes our study on the safety, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism after the oral administration of maslinic acid, conducted with the aim of increasing the knowledge about the bioavailability of this bioactive food component.
Neuropsychopharmacologic and neurotoxicologic effects of the combination of ethanol with mephedrone in adolescent mice
(Research Signpost, 2016) Pubill Sánchez, David; Ciudad Roberts, Andrés; Duart Castells, Leticia; Ciudad i Gómez, Carlos Julián; Camarasa García, Jordi; Escubedo Rafa, Elena
In the last decade, a new family of synthetic psychostimulant drugs, under the name of cathinones, broke into the market. These drugs are mainly consumed by adolescents and young adults with recreational purposes, in most cases combined with alcoholic drinks. Although a number of works about new cathinones have been recently published, none explored the consequences of such combination. Because adolescence is a crucial period in brain development, we sought to study the effects of the combination of mephedrone plus ethanol in adolescent mice, focusing on psychostimulant and conditioning effects, as well as on neurotoxicity markers. Ethanol increased both locomotor activity and conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by mephedrone. RNA microarray assays after CPP test yielded significant alterations in neuronal plasticity-related genes and a key role of BDNF and dopamine D3 receptors in CPP acquisition was found. Ethanol potentiated the oxidative stress as well as the decreases in dopaminergic and serotonergic markers in frontal cortex and hippocampus respectively, after a binge treatment with mephedrone. Moreover, the drug combination impaired spatial learning and memory, as well as neurogenesis to a higher extent than mephedrone alone.
The role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in insulin resistance
(Research Signpost, 2016) Caelles Franch, Carme; Lanuza Masdeu, Jordi; Arévalo, M. Isabel; Díaz-Delfín, Julieta; Morcillo, Melisa; Bayod Giron, Carles
Obesity is usually associated with a decreased response to insulin, a major metabolic defect known as insulin resistance and an early trait in the development of type 2 diabetes. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway has emerged as a central regulator of insulin sensitivity, locally and systemically, thereby, of body’s metabolic homeostasis. As the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes has alarmingly increased in the last few decades, there is a tremendous necessity to identify novel pharmacological targets to efficiently improve the therapeutic outcome. In this regard, the JNK pathway seems to meet most of the requirements for being an adequate candidate to direct pharmacological intervention.
Els treballs de fi de grau a la Universitat de Barcelona
(Universitat de Barcelona. Institut de Ciències de l'Educació i Ediciones OCTAEDRO, S.L., 2016-04) Sayós i Santigosa, Rosa; Amador, Juan Antonio; Pagés, Teresa; Escubedo Rafa, Elena; Zulaica Gallego, Ester; Amat, Concepció; Oliva Cuyàs, Francesc; Busquets Rius, Sílvia; Camps Camprubí, Marta; Llorente, Gustavo A.; Sauras Yera, Teresa; Estrada i Bonell, Ferran; Mauri, Teresa; García Wehrle, Paloma; Aubert, Adriana; Alsina, Pep, 1961-; Garrido Ostermann, Lluís; Canals i Sabaté, Àngels; Inglès i Urpinell, Montserrat; Domínguez Amorós, Màrius; Aparicio Chueca, Ma. del Pilar (María del Pilar); Maestro Yarza, Irene
La implantació dels títols de grau ha suposat un repte per a les universitats, que han hagut d'adaptar els seus projectes formatius a les directrius de l’Espai Europeu d’Educació Superior. Un dels aspectes importants d’aquest procés ha estat l'obligació d’incorporar els treballs de fi de grau (TFG) a l’estructura curricular dels plans d’estudis. Aquesta tasca ha estat complexa i, a més, s’ha vist dificultada per la poca tradició que la majoria de facultats i escoles universitàries tenien en el disseny, l'organització i l'avaluació d’aquest tipus de treball. Uns quants cursos després d’haver-se posat en marxa els TFG, l’Institut de Ciències de l’Educació (ICE) de la Universitat de Barcelona va voler oferir als diferents centres de la UB una plataforma de reflexió i debat on poguessin compartir experiències, plantejar dubtes, analitzar models de bones pràctiques i recollir idees per millorar els seus projectes. A tal efecte, des de la Secció d’Universitat de l’ICE, es va organitzar la jornada «Els treballs de fi de grau a la UB». Aquest quadern recull les comunicacions presentades, sintetitza el debat que van generar i presenta les conclusions a què es va arribar.
Dietary spray-dried animal plasma alleviates mucosal inflammation in experimental models
(Research Signpost, 2015) Pérez Bosque, Anna; Moretó, Miquel, 1950-
The intestinal and bronchoalveolar mucosae contribute to homeostasis by preventing the entrance of biological and chemical agents that could alter the stability of the system. In this review, we summarise the main effects of dietary supplementation with spray-dried plasma (SDP), a complex mixture of biologically active functional components, on two models of acute inflammation; a murine model of intestinal inflammation, based on the administration of S. aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), and a model of acute lung inflammation, using mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide from E. coli (LPS). Oral SDP modulates the immune response of the intestinal mucosa and restores the barrier function of the epithelium, preventing most of the effects of SEB on defensin expression, tight-junction permeability and mucosal cytokine production. In the lung, SDP supplementation partially prevents the LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an effect that involves the participation of the common mucosal immune system. In both models, the effects of SDP are mediated by an increased T-reg response and enhanced release of anti-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to mucosal homeostasis.
Recent advances in pharmaceutical sciences V
(Research Signpost, 2015) Muñoz-Torrero López-Ibarra, Diego; Vinardell Martínez-Hidalgo, Ma. Pilar; Palazón Barandela, Javier
This E-book is the fifth volume of a series that compiles contributions from different areas of the multidisciplinary field of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The E-book consists of 11 chapters that cover the areas of organic chemistry, health and environmental management, plant physiology, food science, toxicology, botany, parasitology, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, microbiology, and pharmacology.
Loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function in Salmonella Enteritidis infection
(Research Signpost, 2014) Martín Venegas, Raquel; Brufau Bonet, M. Teresa (Maria Teresa); Ferrer i Roig, Ruth
Intestinal infection with Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis, a food-borne infection spread to humans especially through contaminated eggs and egg-products as well as undercooked contaminated fresh meat, is the most common cause of intestinal inflammation in the European Union. Enteritis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis is characterized by fever, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. The disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier function contributes to diarrhoea and is responsible for the perpetuation of the inflammatory process. In this sense, oxidative stress and the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β are described to induce the disorganization of the tight junctions (TJ), the most apical epithelial intercellular junctions and responsible for the paracellular permeability. The interest of this chapter relies not only in the investigation dealing with the mechanisms of TJ regulation but also in the contribution to the development of new tools for the prevention of epithelial barrier disruption in enteritis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis.
Current directions in DNA gel particles
(Transworld Research Network, 2013) Morán Badenas, María del Carmen; Mitjans Arnal, Montserrat; Martínez Ocaña, Verónica; Nogueira, Daniele R.; Vinardell Martínez-Hidalgo, Ma. Pilar
A general understanding of interactions between DNA and oppositely charged compounds forms the basis for developing novel DNA-based materials, including gel particles. The association strength, which is altered by varying the chemical structure of the cationic cosolute, determines the spatial homogeneity of the gelation process, creating DNA reservoir devices and DNA matrix devices that can be designed to release either single- (ssDNA) or double-stranded (dsDNA) DNA. This paper reviews the preparation of DNA gel particles using surfactants, proteins and polysaccharides. Particle morphology, swelling/dissolution behaviour, degree of DNA entrapment and DNA release responses as a function of the nature of the cationic agent used are discussed. Current directions in the haemocompatible and cytotoxic characterization of these DNA gel particles have been also included.
Recent advances in pharmaceutical sciences III
(Transworld Research Network, 2013) Muñoz-Torrero López-Ibarra, Diego; Cortés Lucas, Amparo; Mariño Hernández, Eduardo L.
Immunomodulation by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in early life
(Transworld Research Network, 2012) Pérez-Cano, Francisco J.; Ramírez Santana, Carolina; Castell, Margarida; Castellote i Bargalló, M. Cristina; Franch i Masferrer, Àngels
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to exert beneficial physiological effects on body composition and the immune system. However, little information is available on the influence of CLA on immune function during early life periods. The present study evaluates the effect of feeding an 80:20 mixture of cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12-CLA isomers during gestation, suckling and early infancy on the systemic and mucosal immune responses of Wistar rats at three different time points: at the end of the suckling period (21-day-old rats), in early infancy (28-day-old rats), and later in life (adulthood). Cis-9,trans-11- and trans-10,cis-12-CLA isomers were detected in the milk of CLA-fed dams and in the plasma of all CLA-supplemented pups, and the highest content was achieved in those rats supplemented over the longest period. Dietary supplementation with that CLA mix enhances the systemic production of the main in vivo and ex vivo immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes in 21- and 28-day-old rats. Moreover, CLA supplementation during suckling and early infancy also enhances the humoral immune defenses at intestinal level, by means of mucosal IgA increase, whereas down-regulates the systemic lymphoproliferative response. Finally, we described herein how feeding a diet enriched with the same isomer mix of cis9,trans11- and trans10,cis12-CLA from gestation to adulthood improves the capacity of adult rats to achieve a specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. All these data support the immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplementation of CLA, particularly of the cis9,trans11-CLA isomer, during early stages of life on immune system development, as well as the long-term effects on the specific immune response in adult age.

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